Table 4.

Differences in average outpatient expenditures by SES and geographic location

Variables	Total N=1392 Mean (SD)	Rural Mean (SD) N=654	Urban Mean (SD) N=738	Chi-square (p-value)	Q1=poorest N=279	Q2=second N=275	Q3=third N=277	Q4=fourth N=279	Q5=wealthiest N=280	Chi-square (p-value)	Q1:Q5 ratio (equity ratio)
Medical expenditures	2.1 (6.6)	2.0 (6.2)	2.2 (6.9)	5.9 (0.01)	1.7 (7.2)	2.5 (7.2)	2.2 (7.9)	1.8 (4.5)	2.4 (7.7)	1.98 (0.73)	0.7
Registration	0.2 (0.4)	0.2 (0.3)	0.0 (0.4)	41.2 (0.00)	0.1 (0.3)	0.2 (0.4)	0.1 (0.3)	0.2 (0.4)	0.2 (0.4)	1.61 (0.81)	0.5
Consultation	0.02 (0.3)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.4)	0.0 (0.84)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.3)	0.0 (0.2)	0.0 (0.2)	0.0 (0.4)	0.01 (1.00)	0
Tests	0.2 (1.7)	0.2 (1.8)	0.2 (1.5)	0.0 (0.93)	0.2 (1.3)	0.4 (1.7)	0.1 (1.1)	0.1 (1.5)	0.3 (2.4)	1.12 (0.89)	0.6
ARV drugs	0.6 (2.6)	0.4 (2.4)	0.9 (2.8)	4.6 (0.00)	0.5 (2.3)	0.5 (2.3)	0.5 (2.4)	0.7 (2.6)	0.9 (3.4)	1.96 (0.74)	0.6
Co-morbidities	1.1 (5.4)	1.1 (5.1)	1.0 (5.7)	7.9 (0.00)	0.8 (3.9)	1.4 (6.2)	1.4 (7.2)	0.7 (2.5)	1.0 (6.0)	0.66 (0.95)	0.8
Non-medical expenditures	4.0 (4.1)	4.2 (4.3)	3.8 (3.9)	9.0 (0.00)	3.9 (3.7)	3.8 (3.0)	4.1 (4.6)	3.6 (3.1)	4.6 (5.7)	5.39 (0.24)	0.8
Transport	3.0 (3.8)	3.4 (4.1)	2.7 (3.3)	28.8 (0.00)	3.1 (3.4)	2.8 (2.7)	3.3 (4.4)	2.6 (2.7)	3.5 (4.9)	5.72 (0.22)	0.9
Food	0.9 (1.0)	0.8 (0.8)	0.9 (1.2)	2.2 (0.14)	0.7 (1.0)	0.9 (1.0)	0.8 (0.7)	1.0 (1.0)	1.0 (1.2)	11.99 (0.01)	0.7
Accommodation	0.0 (0.2)	0	0.0 (0.3)	0.1 (0.73)	0.0 (0.1)	0.0 (0.1)	0.0 (0.0)	0 (0)	0.0 (0.4)	0.03 (0.99)	0
Caregiver	0.02 (0.2)	0.03 (0.3)	0.0 (0.3)	0.1 (0.73)	0.1 (0.5)	0.0 (0.1)	0.0 (0.2)	0.0 (0.2)	0.0 (0.1)	0.75 (0.94)	0.1
Other expenditures	0.03 (0.5)	0.0 (0.3)	0.0 (0.6)	0.1 (0.73)	0.0 (0.1)	0.0 (0.1)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.1)	0.1 (1.0)	0.83 (0.93)	0
Total OPV expenditures	6.1 (8.0)	6.3 (8.1)	5.9 (7.9)	5.9 (0.01)	5.6 (6.6)	6.3 (8.0)	0.6 (9.6)	5.3 (5.5)	7.1 (7.1)	1.98 (0.73)	0.7

Note: The median for total expenditures on outpatient visit was $3.90 and the range was $0 to $100.10.

SES, socio-economic status; OPV, outpatient visit.