Table 1.
Patient characteristics at baseline. The type 1 and type 2 DM patients had similar baseline characteristics, regarding age, gender, clinical parameters and biochemical parameters, except for diabetes duration, lipid profile, and BMI. There was a significantly higher use of statin treatment and in type 2 diabetes patients. No significant differences were observed in baseline CoQ10 levels, intracellular or extracellular Grx levels between type 1 and type 2 DM patients. Reference levels for healthy population are HbA1c% < 5.1%, fp-TG 0.45–2.6 mmol/L, fp-HDL 1.0–2.7 mmol/L, fp-LDL cholesterol 2.0–5.3 mmol/L, and total cholesterol < 5 mmol/L. For Grx, we previously reported serum Grx levels of 15.2 ng/mL in healthy individuals (8). There is no established reference range for oxidized LDL or PBMC Grx.
| Type 1 diabetes | Type 2 diabetes | p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (median, range) | 57 (35–71) | 63 (52–70) | ns |
| Gender (m/f) | 6/7 | 6/3 | |
| Statin (yes/no) | 4/9 | 7/2 | p < 0.05 |
| Years of disease (median, range) | 31 (8–53) | 8(3–38) | p < 0.05 |
| HbA1c % MonoS (median, range) | 6.7 (4.5–9.0) | 6.4 (5.0–8.4) | ns |
| BMI (median, range) | 23.4 (21.6–35.6) | 28.6 (23.7–41) | p = 0.004 |
| Blood pressure (median, range) | 128/80 (110–144/65–93) | 125/80 (120–140/60–98) | ns |
| fp-TG, mmol/L (median, range) | 0.64 (0.4–2.5) | 1.3 (0.87–2.0) | p < 0.05 |
| fp-HDL, mmol/L (median, range) | 1.8 (0.8–2.5) | 1.0 (0.7–2.0) | p < 0.01 |
| fp-LDL cholesterol, mmol/L (median, range) | 2.3 (1.9–4.3) | 2.6 (1.6–2.9) | ns |
| Serum CoQ10, nmol/L(median, range) | 1.70 (1.1–3.3) | 1.75 (1.0–3.4) | ns |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L(median, range) | 4.9 (3.6–6.2) | 4.4 (3.1–5.4) | ns |
| CoQ10/cholesterol (median, range) | 0.35 (0.20–0.92) | 0.48 (0.29–0.77) | ns |
| Oxidized LDL cholesterol (nM) | 37.3 (24.5–63.3) | 48.6 (22.2–75.5) | ns |
| Serum Grx (ng/mL) | 52.9 (27.2–69) | 57.7 (29.8–68) | ns |
| PBMC Grx (ng/μg) | 0.5 (0.32–0.87) | 0.6 (0.30–0.80) | ns |