Table 2.

Anthropometric and metabolic variables at baseline and at the end of the study in subjects undergoing caloric restriction and supplemented with placebo or n-3 PUFA capsules.

	Placebo (n = 24)			n-3 PUFA (n = 24)
	Baseline	After supplementation	P1	Baseline	After supplementation	P1
Age [y]	48 ± 22			45 ± 2
Sex, female [n]	20			18
EPA in plasmaPC [weight%]	2.27 ± 0.28	1.92 ± 0.21*	0.02	2.16 ± 0.35	3.34 ± 0.54**, #	0.001
DHA in plasma PC [weight%]	3.72 ± 0.33	3.81 ± 0.36	0.62	3.62 ± 0.27	6.47 ± 0.47***, #	< 0.0001
EPA in RBC membranes [%]	1.19 ± 0.08	1.04 ± 0.08	0.22	1.05 ± 0.07	1.89 ± 0.20***, #	0.0005
DHA in RBC membranes [%]	4.65 ± 0.22	4.49 ± 0.23	0.60	4.36 ± 0.19	7.12 ± 0.19***, #	< 0.0001
Omega 3 index [%]	5.85 ± 0.28	5.54 ± 0.29	0.44	5.41 ± 0.25	9.01 ± 0.36***, #	< 0.0001
Anthropometric measurements:
Weight [kg]	97.56 ± 2.12	89.74 ± 2.38***	< 0.0001	94.78 ± 2.59	87.93 ± 2.42***	< 0.0001
BMI [kg/m2]	35.24 ± 0.72	32.44 ± 0.86***	< 0.0001	34.25 ± 0.7	31.66 ± 0.70***	< 0.0001
Waist to hip ratio	0.90 (0.84, 0.95)3	0.86 (0.83, 0.91)*	0.03	0.83 (0.80, 0.91)	0.88 (0.80, 0.92)	0.46
Adipose tissue mass [%]	40.7 ± 1.16	37.45 ± 1.46***	0.0001	38.74 ± 1.33	35.48 ± 1.67***	0.0004
Metabolic measurements:
Total cholesterol [mmol/l]	5.56 ± 0.28	5.33 ± 0.25	0.28	5.45 ± 0.16	5.20 ± 0.21	0.08
HDL cholesterol [mmol/l]	1.38 ± 0.06	1.42 ± 0.06	0.32	1.23 ± 0.04	1.23 ± 0.04#	0.98
LDL cholesterol [mmol/l]	3.52 ± 0.21	3.34 ± 0.21	0.26	3.53 ± 0.16	3.40 ± 0.18	0.30
Fasting NEFA [mmol/l]	0.8 ± 0.05	0.8 ± 0.07	0.99	0.74 ± 0.06	0.72 ± 0.06	0.83
AUC NEFA [mmol/l x min− 1]	180.13 ± 16.55	196.67 ± 19.50	0.33	153.05 ± 14.75	158.35 ± 13.21	0.78
Fasting Triglycerides [mmol/l]	1.34 ± 0.13	1.11 ± 0.09*	0.02	1.4 ± 0.13	0.96 ± 0.07***	0.0004
AUC Triglycerides [mmol/l x min− 1]	611.62 ± 58.16	510.52 ± 40.16*	0.02	671.87 ± 65.7	461.85 ± 40.81***	0.0003
Fasting glucose [mmol/l]	5.1 ± 0.13	5.16 ± 0.11	0.54	5.19 ± 0.13	5.08 ± 0.07	0.39
AUC Glucose [mmol/l x min− 1]	3613 ± 162.58	3468.25 ± 176.61	0.30	3322.75 ± 157.03	3215.5 ± 132.02	0.42
Fasting insulin [mIU/ml]	17.65 ± 1.94	15.32 ± 1.72	0.10	15.64 ± 1.35	12.7 ± 1.02*	0.01
AUC Insulin [mIU/ml x min− 1]	49,504.75 ± 5704.59	42,087.39 ± 5595.32	0.12	42,713.75 ± 4828.21	35,725.25 ± 3733.77*	0.04
Fasting GIP [pg./ml]	30.88 ± 3.54	30.36 ± 5.38	0.91	29.41 ± 2.86	20.67 ± 2.24*	0.02
AUC GIP [pg./ml x min− 1]	67,204.69 ± 5283.18	74,080.78 ± 8600.00	0.22	70,307.36 ± 4940.65	56,435.58 ± 3743.82**	0.003
Insulin resistance and β cell function:
HOMA-IR	4.11 ± 0.51	3.59 ± 0.43	0.19	3.65 ± 0.34	2.89 ± 0.25*	0.01
AUCI/AUCG	13.36 ± 1.46	11.72 ± 1.25	0.08	13.25 ± 1.58	11.22 ± 1.17*	0.02
IGI = ∆ I0-60/∆G0-60	152.79 ± 270.41	269.49 ± 113.57	0.70	219.43 ± 140.09	354.04 ± 153.33	0.52
OGIS [ml min− 1 m− 2]	379.66 ± 14.25	383.12 ± 17.65	0.78	390.18 ± 14.21	404.38 ± 13.60	0.30

*Significantly different between baseline and after supplementation within a group (paired t test or Wilcoxon's test for non-normally distributed variables).

^#Significantly different between placebo and n-3 PUFA groups after supplementation (unpaired t test) p < 0.05.

¹Comparison within a group (paired t test or Wilcoxon's test for non-normally distributed variables).

²Mean ± SEM (all such values).

³Median; IQR in parentheses (all such values).

AUC, area under curve during OGTT; BP, blood pressure; BMI, body mass index; EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid; DHA, docosahexaenoic acid; GIP, glucose dependent insulinotropic polypeptide; IGI, insulinogenic index; NEFA, non esterified fatty acids; OGIS, oral glucose insulin sensitivity index; PC, phosphatidylcholine; RBC red blood cells.