Figure 4.

Colon immune gene expression in mono-associated mice. To confirm results from microarrays, the genes of eight immune proteins were selected and their RNA expression was determined in colon by RT-qPCR. The ΔΔCt method was used for quantification, with GAPDH as an internal control and germ-free group as a calibrator. Results are expressed as mean±s.e.m. (n=5 per group). Statistical comparison with the germ-free group was performed using Mann–Whitney U-test (*P<0.05/**P<0.01/***P<0.001).