Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of 1183 women in the GRAPHS cohort
| Characteristic | Included in analysis (n = 817) |
Excluded from analysis (n = 366) |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean ± SD | p-value from two-sample t-test |
||||
| Age (years) | 27.3 ±7.1 | 27.8 ± 7.6 | 0.29 | ||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.3 ± 3.3 | 23.4 ± 3.5 | 0.64 | ||
| Gestational age (weeks) | 16.0 ± 4.3 | 15.8 ± 4.4 | 0.42 | ||
| Asset Index (centered at 0)a | −0.02 ± 2.2 | 0.07 ± 2.3 | 0.53 | ||
| Percent |
p-value from Fisher’s exact test |
||||
| Known history of hypertension (%) | 1.4 | 1.9 | 0.45 | ||
| Known history of diabetes (%) | 0 | 0.001 | 0.10 | ||
| Ever smoker (%) | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.65 | ||
| Smoker in household or compound (%) | 21 | 20 | 0.82 | ||
| Education (%): |
None | 38 | 40 | 0.59 | |
| Primary School | 27 | 23 | |||
| Middle School or above | 35 | 30 | |||
| NA | 0 | 6 | |||
| Marital status (%): |
Married | 53 | 54 | 0.37 | |
| Living with partner | 32 | 31 | |||
| Single | 14 | 10 | |||
| Widowed/Divorced/Separated | 0.4 | 0 | |||
| NA | 0 | 5 | |||
| Employment status (%): |
None | 31 | 28 | 0.67 | |
| Farmer/laborer/domestic worker | 40 | 40 | |||
| Trader/food seller/businesswoman | 21 | 17 | |||
| Other | 8 | 9 | |||
| NA | 0 | 5 | |||
| Cooking location (%): |
Primary: | Totally open | 60 | 55 | 0.90 |
| Partially enclosed | 21 | 21 | |||
| Fully enclosed | 18 | 18 | |||
| NA | 0 | 6 | |||
| Secondary: | Totally open | 14 | 12 | 0.65 | |
| Partially enclosed | 30 | 27 | |||
| Fully enclosed | 16 | 13 | |||
| None | 41 | 42 | |||
| NA | 0 | 6 | |||
| Fuel type (%): |
Primary | Wood | 96 | 88 | 0.07 |
| Crop Residue | 0.1 | 0 | |||
| Charcoal | 4 | 5 | |||
| LPG | 0.2 | 1 | |||
| NA | 0 | 6 | |||
| Secondary: | Wood | 6 | 7 | 0.19 | |
| Crop Residue | 2 | 2 | |||
| Charcoal | 49 | 40 | |||
| None | 42 | 46 | |||
| NA | 0 | 6 | |||
a
The Asset Index was constructed using a Principal Component Analysis of variables including: type of housing materials, type of toilet facility, primary water source, type of home ownership, household ownership of livestock animals, and household ownership of consumer durables (e.g. table, mattress, radio, television, bicycle, motorcycle, car, phone, radio, fan, computer).