Diagram of the design of this experiment. Each population was reared on fermenting host cacti, and eclosed adults were grouped by day of development time. Males and females were aged to sexual maturity, 9 days for females and 13 days for males, in vials containing laboratory food. They were either stored separately or combined with an equal number of members of the opposite sex for 24 hours. From each of the 16 treatment groups, adults were frozen for CHC analysis or flash frozen in liquid nitrogen for RNA extraction in groups of 24 adults. Some replicates of organ pipe cactus-reared, mated, mainland adults were missing, see text for details.