Table 1.

MANCOVA results for variation in CHCs for adult D. mojavensis due to population, cactus, mating status (Mate; virgin vs mated), sex, egg to adult development time as the covariate, and all interactions. n = 399, all df = 31,277.

Source of variation	Wilks' λ	F	Pr > F
Cactus	0.7008	3.81	< 0.0001
Sex	0.7277	3.34	< 0.0001
Cactus x Sex	0.8226	1.93	0.003
Population	0.3522	16.44	< 0.0001
Cactus x Population	0.8390	1.71	0.013
Sex x Population	0.8395	1.71	0.014
Cactus x Sex x Population	0.8442	1.65	0.0196
Mate	0.6712	4.38	< 0.0001
Cactus x Mate	0.7406	3.13	< 0.0001
Sex x Mate	0.7322	3.27	< 0.0001
Cactus x Sex x Mate	0.8158	2.02	0.002
Population x Mate	0.7895	2.38	0.0001
Cactus x Population x Mate	0.8882	1.12	0.303
Sex x Population x Mate	0.8450	1.64	0.021
Cactus x Sex x Population x Mate	0.8364	1.75	0.011
Development time	0.6019	5.91	< 0.0001
DEVT x Cactus	0.6871	4.07	< 0.0001
DEVT x Sex	0.8036	2.18	0.0005
DEVT x Population	0.7281	3.34	< 0.0001
DEVT x Cactus x Sex	0.8314	1.81	0.007
DEVT x Cactus x Population	0.8468	1.62	0.024
DEVT x Sex x Population	0.8635	1.41	0.078
DEVT x Cactus x Sex x Population	0.8472	1.61	0.025
DEVT x Mate	0.7044	3.75	< 0.0001
DEVT x Cactus x Mate	0.7428	3.09	< 0.0001
DEVT x Sex x Mate	0.8151	2.03	0.002
DEVT x Cactus x Sex x Mate	0.8342	1.78	0.009
DEVT x Population x Mate	0.8145	2.04	0.001
DEVT x Cactus x Population x Mate	0.8904	1.10	0.333
DEVT x Sex x Population x Mate	0.8483	1.60	0.027
DEVT x Cactus x Sex x Population x Mate	0.8520	1.55	0.036