Figure 4. Toxic proteins of non-TA systems reduce the growth rate in the absence of ppGpp.

Growth rates of MG1655 ΔrelA ΔspoT carrying the empty vector pCA24N and pCA24N containing genes for newly-identified, non-TA toxic proteins (YihS, PntA, YqjE, FocA, and Zur). MazF, a TA toxin (also found during ASKA screening) was used as a positive control. Means and standard deviations for at least two independent cultures are shown.