Figure 4. Single deletions of B. bassiana vlp1–3 resulted in reduced multi-stress tolerance.

(A–G) Relative growth inhibition (RGI) of fungal colony growth by CGR (Congo red 6 μg/ml), CFW (calcofluor white 0.5 mg/ml), MND (menadione 0.04 mM), H₂O₂ (2 mM), NaCl (0.4 M), SBT (sorbitol 1 M), or CBD (carbendazim 0.1 μg/ml) added to CZA, respectively. (H–N) RGI values of fungal strains in response to K⁺ (5 mM KCl), Zn²⁺ (3 mM ZnCl₂), Mg²⁺ (3 mM MgCl₂), Fe²⁺ (1 mM FeSO₄), Ca²⁺ (0.1 M CaCl₂), Mn²⁺ (3 mM MnCl₂) or Cu²⁺ (2 mM CuCl₂), respectively. All CZA colonies were initiated by spotting 1 μl of a conidial suspension per plate, followed by an 8-day incubation at 25 °C. Asterisked bars in each graph differ significantly from unmarked bars (Tukey’s HSD, P < 0.05). Error bars: SD from three replicates.