Table 1.

Who Is at Increased NTD Risk?

1. Previous pregnancy with NTD

2. Close family member with NTD

3. Obesity

4. Use of drugs with antifolate effects.

5. Genetic mutations in the folic acid metabolic pathway or folate receptors

6. Poorly controlled type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus

7. Poor compliance with folic acid supplementation

8. Smoking, passive or active

9. Use of oral contraceptives

10. Celiac and Crohn diseases