Table 2.
Economic evaluation details of studies.
| Study | Currency, discount rate | Perspective | Costs | Effectiveness measure |
Incremental cost-effectiveness ratio | Is intervention cost-effective? (benchmark)∗∗∗ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| For diabetes preventions | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| Herman et al. [16], 2012 | US$, 2010, 3% | Health system and societal | Direct medical and nonmedical costs + intervention costs | QALYs | Lifestyle compared to placebo, health system perspective: 12,878$US/QALY; societal perspective: 23,597$US/QALY | Yes |
|
| ||||||
| Herman et al. [17], 2013 | US$, 2010, 3% | Health system and societal | Direct medical and nonmedical costs + intervention costs | QALYs | (a) Health system perspective: cost saving (lifestyle versus placebo) cost saving (metformin versus placebo); (b) societal perspective: the ICER was 3,235$US/QALY (lifestyle versus placebo) | Yes |
|
| ||||||
| van Wier et al. [18], 2013 | Euros, 2008 | Societal | Intervention costs + productivity lost costs | QALYs, 9-year risk of developing T2D | −50,273€/QALY gained; the ICER of 9-year risk for developing T2D was −1416€ Lifestyle guidance offered by practice nurses was not more effective in reducing these risks than the provision of general health brochures | No |
|
| ||||||
| Sagarra et al. [19], 2014 | Euros, 2007 | Health system | Intervention costs | Diabetes cases prevented and QALYs | 376.17€/case of T2D averted; 3243€/QALY gained | Yes |
|
| ||||||
| Kolu et al. [20], 2013 | Euros, 2009 | Societal | Direct medical costs + lost productivity costs + health care intervention costs | Health perceptions (visual analog scale), birth weight, 15D (quality of life) | Each gram of birth weight prevented requires an additional cost of €7; each perceived health gain requires additional cost of 1697€ | No |
|
| ||||||
| Oostdam et al. [21], 2012 | Euros, 2009 | Societal | Direct and indirect costs | Maternal fasting blood glucose, QALYs gained, infant birth weight, and insulin sensitivity | Being not cost-effective versus control group for blood glucose, insulin sensitivity, infant birth weight, and QALYs gained | No |
|
| ||||||
| Liu et al. [22], 2013 | US$, 2007, 3% | Societal | Direct and nonmedical costs, indirect costs | QALYs | Savings: US$ 2017 per subject | Yes |
|
| ||||||
| Png et al. [23], 2014 | US$, 2012, 3% | Health system and societal | Direct medical costs, direct nonmedical costs, and indirect costs | QALYs | Health system perspective: US$ 17,184/QALY for lifestyle modification versus placebo; societal perspective: US$ 36,367/QALY | Yes (WHO benchmark) |
|
| ||||||
| Bertram et al. [24], 2010 | AU$, 2010, 3% | Health system | Directs cost of each intervention | DALYs averted, diabetes cases averted | AU$ 23.000/DALY averted (diet and exercise); AU$ 22.000/DALY averted (metformin) | Yes |
|
| ||||||
| Mortaz et al. [25], 2012 | CAN$, 2010, 3% | Health system | Direct cost per person | QALYs | Conventional screening every 3 years was more effective over no screening | Yes |
|
| ||||||
| Johansson et al. [26], 2009 | Krona, 2004, 3% | Societal | The societal costs | QALYs | For women QALY losses were lower and cost increases were lower; among men, the net costs were larger and QALYs lost were higher in all three treatments than in controls | Yes for women, No for men |
|
| ||||||
| Neumann et al. [27], 2011 | Euros, 2007, 3% | Societal | Direct cost + interventions cost | QALYs | The ICERs were negative, for men and women who started the intervention when aged 30–50 years | Yes |
|
| ||||||
| Palmer and Tucker [28], 2012 | AU$, 2009, 5% | Third-party payer and health system | Direct medical costs + intervention costs | QALYs | Intensive lifestyle change was cost-effective compared to controls | Yes |
|
| ||||||
| Smith et al. [29], 2010 | US$, 2000, 3% | Societal | Direct costs + interventions costs | QALYs | $ 3,420/QALY due to decrease in diabetes incidence with intervention | Yes |
|
| ||||||
| For obesity control | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| Tsai et al. [30], 2013 | US$, 2010 | Health system | Intervention costs + health care providers + medication | QALYs | $US 3134/QALY (BLC compared to usual care) $US 115397/QALY (EBLC compared to routine care) |
Yes |
|
| ||||||
| Cobiac et al. [31], 2010 | US$, 2003, 3% | Health system | Direct and intervention costs | DALYs averted | Both weight loss programmes produced small improvements in the exposed subjects compared to current practices | No |
|
| ||||||
| Miners et al. [32], 2012 | £UK, 2009, 3,5% | Health system | Direct and intervention costs | QALYs | The lowest was 102,000£/QALY; however, scenario contains women associated with lower QALYs compared with men | No |
|
| ||||||
| Forster et al. [33], 2011 | AUS$, 2003, 3% | Health system | The intervention + direct costs related to each state in the model | DALYs averted | AUS$ 12000/DALY averted (DASH diet) AUS$ 13000/DALY averted (low fat diet) | Yes |
|
| ||||||
| Lewis et al. [34], 2014 | £UK, 2012, 3,5% | Health system | Intervention costs | QALYs | For subjects with BMI ≥30, lighter life is cost-effective; for subjects with BMI ≥40 eligible for bariatric surgery, gastric bypass is cost-effective | Yes |
|
| ||||||
| Anokye et al. [35], 2011 | £UK, 2011, 3,5% | Third-party payer | Direct costs + intervention costs | QALYs | 20,876£/QALY | Yes |
BLC: brief lifestyle counselling; DALY: Disability Adjusted Life Year; DASH: dietary approach to stop hypertension; EBLC: enhanced brief lifestyle counselling; ICER: incremental cost-effectiveness ratio; MetS: metabolic syndrome; QALY: Quality Adjusted Life Year; VAS: visual analog scale; 15D: 15-Dimension.
∗∗∗According to authors conclusions about the value of one or more interventions to control obesity or prevent type 2 diabetes. One study used WHO benchmark to justify the conclusion as mentioned in bracket.