Table 1.

Summary of studies by exercise type and influence on bone mineral density (BMD). Intensity expressed as a ratio to body weight (BW).

Author & Year	Population	Study duration	Exercise type	Ground reaction force	Results
Grove & Londeree, 1992	early post menopausal women	1yr	High impact vs low impact	≥2xBW ≤1.5×BW	Both groups maintained BMD lumbar spine L2–L4
Bassey & Ramsdale, 1995	postmenopausal women	1yr	Heel drops vs low impact/flexibility	2.5–3.0×BW	No change in BMD for either group at femur or spine
Heinonen et al., 1996	pre-menopausal women	18mo	High impact step & aerobics vs control	2.1–5.6×BW	Significant increase in BMD at femoral neck for impact group
Bassey et al., 1998	pre- and postmenopausal women	18mo	Vertical jump from 8.5cm 6days/week	3.0–4.0×BW	Only premenopausal women had significant increase in BMD of proximal femur