Table 1. Baseline Characteristics According to Patient Cluster*.
| Characteristic | Cluster 1 (n = 75) | Cluster 2 (n = 33) | Cluster 3 (n = 29) | Cluster 4 (n = 25) | p-value† |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 58 (46–67) | 52 (44–59) | 51 (42–57) | 69 (59–79) | <0.001 |
| Female, % | 5 | 100 | 3 | 24 | <0.001 |
| Race | <0.001 | ||||
| White, % | 87 | 52 | 0 | 76 | |
| Minority, % | 12 | 45 | 100 | 24 | |
| Ischemic etiology, % | 65 | 30 | 10 | 84 | <0.001 |
| LVEF, % | 20 (15–23) | 20 (15–25) | 15 (13–18) | 20 (19–25) | 0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 29 (25–34) | 26 (23–36) | 28 (25–30) | 24 (22–26) | 0.013 |
| Edema, % | 72 | 56 | 79 | 60 | 0.145 |
| Symptom score | 40 (30–60) | 44 (30–60) | 35 (20–50) | 50 (34–60) | 0.295 |
| MLHF score | 78 (68–87) | 76 (63–95) | 83 (72–89) | 74 (64–78) | 0.212 |
| Orthopnea, % | 88 | 85 | 86 | 76 | 0.529 |
| SBP, mmHg | 100 (90–111) | 109 (97–120) | 110 (103–124) | 100 (90–114) | 0.005 |
| DBP, mean | 65 (60–70) | 66 (56–70) | 76 (68–85) | 59 (55–70) | <0.001 |
| Atrial fibrillation, % | 44 | 15 | 7 | 24 | <0.001 |
| Angina pectoris, % | 36 | 21 | 21 | 44 | 0.127 |
| Prior CABG, % | 32 | 15 | 7 | 64 | <0.001 |
| COPD, % | 13 | 9 | 24 | 24 | 0.235 |
| Depression, % | 21 | 27 | 14 | 20 | 0.634 |
| Diabetes, % | 39 | 30 | 25 | 40 | 0.493 |
| Hypertension, % | 43 | 49 | 62 | 28 | 0.084 |
| ICD, % | 33 | 12 | 28 | 28 | 0.156 |
| CVA, % | 12 | 6 | 3.4 | 8 | 0.601 |
| Peak VO2, mL/kg/min | 10.4 (8.0–11.9) | 9.1 (7.3–10.6) | 8.7 (7.6–9.3) | 9.0 (7.6–10.4) | 0.517 |
| RAP, mmHg | 13 (8–18) | 11 (6–14) | 17 (13–22) | 14 (9–20) | 0.005 |
| PCWP, mmHg | 27 (19–34) | 22 (15–28) | 32 (28–38) | 23 (20–27) | <0.001 |
| Cardiac index, L/min/m2 | 1.9 (1.6–2.3) | 2.0 (1.5–2.2) | 1.6 (1.2–2.2) | 1.8 (1.6–2.5) | 0.120 |
| Sodium, mEq/L | 137 (134–139) | 138 (136–139) | 137 (136–139) | 136 (134–138) | 0.403 |
| BUN, mg/dL | 29 (20–41) | 20 (12–26) | 29 (23–41) | 80 (47–98) | <0.001 |
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 1.4 (1.2–1.6) | 0.9 (0.9–1.2) | 1.4 (1.3–1.8) | 2.5 (2.1–3.1) | <0.001 |
| BNP, pg/mol | 469 (174–963) | 489 (183–860) | 877 (89–1391) | 1398 (518–4513) | 0.001 |
BMI indicates body mass index;
BNP, B-type natriuretic peptide;
BUN, blood urea nitrogen;
CABG, coronary artery bypass grafting;
COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease;
CVA, cerebrovascular accident;
DSP, diastolic blood pressure;
ICD, implantable cardioverter defibrillator;
LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction;
MLHF, Minnesota Living With Heart Failure Questionnaire;
PCWP, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure;
RAP, right atrial pressure;
SBP, systolic blood pressure;
VO2, oxygen consumption
*Values are median (interquartile range), or %.
†p-values for the comparisons of variables across clusters.