Table 3. Relative risks (hazard ratios, HRs) of major depressive episode (MDE) during three-year follow-up associated with work engagement and psychological distress at baseline among 929 employees of an information systems developing company in Japan who did not have MDE in the past year or never received mental health care†.
| Variables at baseline | HR | 95%CI | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Work engagement (UWES) | ||||
| Low (0–2.59) | 1 | |||
| Middle (2.60–3.19) | 0.21 | 0.06 to 0.74 | 0.015 | |
| High (3.20+) | 0.60 | 0.25 to 1.45 | 0.257 | |
| (p = 0.045, df = 2)‡ | ||||
| Psychological distress (K6) | ||||
| Low (0–2) | 1 | |||
| Middle (3–6) | 1.95 | 0.56 to 6.76 | 0.291 | |
| High (7+) | 3.41 | 1.08 to 10.77 | 0.036 | |
| (p = 0.092, df = 2)‡ | ||||
| Sex | ||||
| Men | 1 | |||
| Women | 1.23 | 0.51 to 2.97 | 0.653 | |
| Age group (years) | ||||
| 22–44 | 1 | |||
| 45–54 | 0.78 | 0.32 to 1.94 | 0.597 | |
| 55–63 | 0.31 | 0.07 to 1.34 | 0.118 | |
| (p = 0.291, df = 2)‡ | ||||
| Occupation | ||||
| Manager | 1 | |||
| Professionals | 0.87 | 0.20 to 3.77 | 0.853 | |
| Technician/clerk/others | 1.07 | 0.23 to 5.04 | 0.933 | |
| (p = 0.897, df = 2)‡ | ||||
| Educational attainment | ||||
| High school or some college | 1 | |||
| University or higher | 0.59 | 0.23 to 1.54 | 0.279 | |
| Household income (million yen per year) | ||||
| Less than 8 | 1 | |||
| 8 or more | 0.92 | 0.30 to 2.84 | 0.883 | |
| Living with family | ||||
| No | 1 | |||
| Yes | 0.71 | 0.28 to 1.78 | 0.461 | |
| Drinking | ||||
| None or occasionally | 1 | |||
| Daily | 0.46 | 0.13 to 1.57 | 0.215 | |
| Chronic conditions | ||||
| None | 1 | |||
| Any | 1.54 | 0.54 to 4.42 | 0.421 | |
† Cox's discrete proportional hazard model. All variables were simultaneously entered in the model.
‡ Test for significant difference across three categories.