Table 2.

Multiple Regressions for Significant Working Memory Predictors of Specific Reading or Writing Outcomes. (See Table Notes for tests used and superscripts for significant unique predictors)

Outcome	Adjusted R2	F(df)	p	Unique Predictors	t	p	β
Oral Reading
Real Word Accuracya	0.35	F(7,57)=5.34	<.001	Orthographic Codingj	2.360	.022	.318
				Verbal Comprehensionh	.680	.499	.086
				Phonological Coding	.917	.364	.106
				Morphological Coding	1.040	.301	.130
				Phonological Loop	−1.150	.257	−.204
				Orthographic Loop	−.199	.843	−.023
				Switching Attention	−2.420	.019	−.370
Pseudoword Accuracyb	0.24	F(7, 57)=3.57	.003	Phonological Codingi	2.080	.043	.255
				Orthographic Coding	−.062	.095	−.009
				Morphological Coding	1.790	.221	.080
				Phonological Loop	−2.240	.080	−.421
				Focused Attention	.684	.086	.497
				Switching Attention	.624	.535	.113
Real Word Ratec	0.36	F(6,57)=6.41	<.001	Phonological Loopm	−3.370	.001	−.593
				Verbal Comprehension	1.150	.258	.141
				Orthographic Coding	0.035	.972	.005
				Morphological Coding	1.680	.100	.206
				Orthographic Loop	.530	.598	.062
				Switching Attention	.615	.541	.105
Pseudoword Rated	0.46	F(7,58)=8.11	<.001	Switching Attentionp	−2.420	.019	.370
				Verbal Comprehension	−.466	.644	−.052
				Phonological Coding	1.830	.074	.189
				Orthographic Coding	1.680	.099	.199
				Morphological Coding	1.870	.068	.209
				Phonological Loop	−1.080	.285	−1.720
				Focused Attention	−.623	.536	−.370
Reading Comprehensione	0.54	F(4,63)=19.14	<.001	Verbal Comprehensionh	7.060	<.001	.675
				Syntactic Codingl	2.360	.022	.211
				Orthographic Coding	.340	.735	.031
				Morphological Coding	.200	.842	.019
Spelling Dictated Real Wordsf	0.52	F(6,64)=12.67	<.001	Phonological Codingi	2.620	.011	.239
				Orthographic Codingj	5.520	<.001	.556
				Orthographic Loopn	2.090	.041	.189
				Verbal Comprehension	−.489	.626	−.048
				Morphological Coding	1.390	.169	.133
				Phonological Loop	.050	.960	.005
Spelling Dictated Real Wordsg	0.53	F(8,57)= 9.14	<.001	Orthographic Codingj	4.370	<.001	.498
				Morphological Codingk	2.540	.014	.269
				Verbal Comprehension	−.849	.399	−.080
				Phonological Coding	1.010	.315	.088
				Phonological Loopm	−2.056	.044	−.187
				Orthographic Loopn	2.050	.045	.177
UW Word Choicer				Morphological Codingk	2.040	.045	.246

Notes:

^aOutcomes: WRMT-R Word Identification

^bWord Attack

^cTOWRE Sight word

^dPhonemic Decoding Efficiency

^eWJ-R Passage Comprehension

^fWIAT2 Spelling

^gWRAT 3 Spelling.

^hPredictors: Verbal Comprehension Index (WAIS-II)

ⁱCTOPP nonword repetition (phonological coding)

^jUW Orthographic Coding

^kComes From (morphological coding)

^lCELF3 Sentence Formulation (syntactic coding)

^mWolf RAN letters (phonological loop)

ⁿalphabet 15 (Orthographic Loop)

D-KEFS Color Word Form Inhibition^o (focused attention)

^pWolf RAS numbers and letters (switching attention)

D-KEFS Verbal Fluency Repetitions^q (self-monitoring sustained attention)

^rUW Word Choice.

Also see introduction, methods, and results sections.