Table 2.

Function of HLA antibodies leading to histological manifestations of AMR.

Histological manifestation	Antibody function
C4d deposition	Activation of complement
Endothelial cell swelling	HLA crosslinking leading to cytoskeletal changes
Mononuclear cell infiltration	HLA crosslinking increases P-selectin and chemokines, monocyte, and neutrophil adherence
	Antibody Fc regions interact with FcγRs
Neointimal thickening	HLA crosslinking increases endothelial and smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration