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. 2016 Feb 4;7:27. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00027

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Copyright © 2016 O'Callaghan, Chauhan, Zhao, Lataro, Salgado, Nogaret and Paton.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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RMHR generated by the PM-CPG: amplitude control. (A–C) Representative traces of the range of RMHR amplitudes (20, 40, and 60 bpm) and mean HR imposed by the PM-CPG output. The minimum and maximum HR waveforms are in red. (D) A representative example of the arrhythmia occurrence that determined the upper limit of PM-CPG pacing (red arrows). (E) Average heart rates achieved during PM-CPG pacing (n = 3) to shows the physiological upper and lower limits of applying RMHR to rats, relative to their baseline, minimum (with β-adrenoceptor blockade), and maximum HR. dEMG, diaphragmatic electromyogram; HR, heart rate; PM-CPG, hCPG as cardiac pacemaker; RMHR, respiratory modulated heart rate.