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. 2016 Feb 4;7:27. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00027

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Copyright © 2016 O'Callaghan, Chauhan, Zhao, Lataro, Salgado, Nogaret and Paton.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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RMHR generated by the PM-CPG: phase control. The duration of high HR during Phase 1 PM-CPG pacing (B) and low HR during Phase 2 pacing (C) can be determined by adjusting the threshold at which the PM-CPG detects dEMG signal with respect to baseline noise (A). HR waveforms are 60 s averages with standard error indicated in gray. The color of the waveform in each HR panel corresponds to the matching color of the approximated threshold (dashed lines) in the top panel. The respiratory cycle is divided into thirds as indicated by gray shading and the labels T_I, PI, and E2. dEMG, diaphragmatic electromyogram; E2, late expiration; HR, heart rate; PI, post-inspiration; T_I, period of inspiration.