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. 2016 Feb 4;7:27. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00027

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Copyright © 2016 O'Callaghan, Chauhan, Zhao, Lataro, Salgado, Nogaret and Paton.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Both VN- and PM-CPG maintain RMHR during changes in respiratory frequency. Both the VN-CPG (A) and PM-CPG (B) maintain RMHR amplitude during changes in respiratory frequency although the amplitude is more variable using VN-CPG. The VN-CPG decreases mean HR (represented as dotted lines) whereas the PM-CPG maintains mean HR during increases in breathing rate. The heart rate trace is interpolated to fit a cubic spline instantaneous frequency of the electrocardiogram R-wave. dEMG, diaphragmatic electromyogram; HR, heart rate; PM-CPG, hCPG as cardiac pacemaker; VN-CPG, hCPG for vagal nerve stimulation.