Table 2.
Baseline characteristics, anthropometrics, and laboratory values of the participants upon enrollmenta.
| Variablesb | Total (N=1050) | Female (N=807) | Male (N=243) | P value | ||||||
| Age, year, mean (SD) | 37.8 (11.7) | 38.6 (11.8) | 35.2 (11) | .036 | ||||||
| Age group, n (%) | <.001 | |||||||||
|
|
<20 | 52 (4.2) | 39 (4.1) | 13 (4.9) |
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20-29 | 229 (21.8) | 162 (19.7) | 67 (28.2) |
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|
30-39 | 339 (32.8) | 251 (31.8) | 88 (36.7) |
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|
|
40-49 | 241 (22.8) | 197 (24.3) | 44 (17.5) |
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|
|
50-59 | 148 (14.7) | 123 (15.8) | 25 (10.9) |
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|
|
60-69 | 39 (3.5) | 34 (4.1) | 5 (1.3) |
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|
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≥70 | 2 (0.2) | 1 (0.1) | 1 (0.4) |
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| Marital status, n (%) | .014 | |||||||||
|
|
Single/never married | 252 (24.1) | 169 (25.2) | 83 (37.6) |
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Married | 668 (61.7) | 526 (62.7) | 142 (58.4) |
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Divorced | 62 (6.2) | 52 (6.4) | 10 (4.1) |
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Widowed | 46 (3.6) | 46 (5.7) | 0 |
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| Education, n (%) | .024 | |||||||||
|
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No education | 10 (1.0) | 7 (0.9) | 3 (1.2) |
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Primary school | 27 (13.8) | 23 (15.0) | 4 (1.8) |
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College | 531 (50.7) | 430 (52.2) | 101 (45.9) |
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University | 448 (34.5) | 321 (32.1) | 127 (43.1) |
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| Employment status, n (%) | <.001 | |||||||||
|
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Unemployed | 567 (54) | 521 (64.6) | 46 (18.9) |
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Employed | 458 (46) | 261 (35.4) | 197 (81.1) |
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| Smoking status, n (%) | <.001 | |||||||||
|
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Never smokers | 819 (71.2) | 661 (78.9) | 158 (44.9) |
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Current smokers | 156 (15.4) | 89 (11.2) | 67 (30) |
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Former smokers | 143 (13.4) | 80 (9.9) | 63 (25.1) |
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| Hookah use, n (%) | 163 (15.5) | 91 (11.3) | 72 (29.6) | .004 | ||||||
| Alcohol consumption, n (%) | 150 (14.3) | 86 (10.7) | 64 (26.3) | .004 | ||||||
| Comorbidities, n (%) | ||||||||||
|
|
Hypothyroidism | 186 (17.8) | 169 (18.5) | 17 (6.5) | <.001 | |||||
|
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Hypertension | 174 (17.6) | 137 (17.1) | 37 (15.3) |
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Dyslipidemia | 168 (16.0) | 137 (17.0) | 31 (12.8) |
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Arthritis | 167 (15.9) | 144 (17.8) | 23 (9.5) | .039 | |||||
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Diabetes mellitus | 158 (16.6) | 127 (17.3) | 31 (8.9) |
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Cardiovascular disease | 63 (6.0) | 47 (5.8) | 16 (6.6) |
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Liver Enlargement | 350 (92.1) | 287 (72.4) | 63 (83.5) |
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Fatty liver | 106 (27.5) | 87 (27.4) | 19 (27.5) |
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|
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Grade I | 134 (35.2) | 124 (41.4) | 10 (17.1) |
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|
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Grade II | 155 (40.7) | 125 (41.6) | 30 (45.4) |
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Grade III | 61 (16.2) | 38 (17.0) | 23 (33.3) |
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Gallstones | 34 (7.1) | 30 (7.4) | 4 (5.1) |
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| Anthropometrics, mean (SD) | ||||||||||
|
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Height, cm | 163.5 (8.3) | 161.2 (6.1) | 175.5 (7.8) | <.001 | |||||
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Weight, kg (range 74-195) | 118.6 (20.7) | 114 (17.1) | 142.6 (20.9) | <.001 | |||||
|
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BMI, kg/m2 (range 32.4-79.3) | 43.9 (7.1) | 43.8 (5.9) | 46.2 (5.5) | .09 | |||||
|
|
BMI group (kg/m2), n (%) | .054 | ||||||||
|
|
|
25-29.9 | 9 (0.9) | 8 (1) | 1 (0.4) |
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|
|
30-34.9 | 68 (6.3) | 57 (7.4) | 11 (4.4) |
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|
|
35-39.9 | 243 (23.2) | 197 (24.2) | 46 (19.9) |
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|
|
40-44.9 | 332 (32.1) | 261 (32.5) | 71 (30.7) |
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|
|
45-49.9 | 235 (22.4) | 176 (21.5) | 59 (25.5) |
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|
|
50-54.9 | 99 (9.3) | 67 (8.2) | 32 (13) |
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|
|
55-59.9 | 42 (3.7) | 24 (3.1) | 18 (6.9) |
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|
|
60-64.9 | 13 (1.3) | 9 (1.2) | 4 (1.7) |
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|
|
65-69.9 | 7 (0.7) | 6 (0.8) | 1 (0.4) |
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|
|
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≥70 | 2 (0.2) | 2 (0.3) | 0 (0.0) |
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|
|
Waist circumference, cm | 125.1 (13.9) | 122.5 (12.6) | 138 (12.6) | <.001 | |||||
|
|
Hip circumference, cm | 133.6 (12.7) | 133.5 (13) | 134.4 (11.1) | .065 | |||||
|
|
Neck circumference, cm | 39.1 (3.9) | 37.9 (2.8) | 44.7 (3.4) | <.001 | |||||
|
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Wrist circumference, cm | 17.9 (1.6) | 17.6 (1.4) | 19.5 (1.7) | <.001 | |||||
|
|
SBP, mmHg | 120.1 (16.7) | 119.4 (16.6) | 124.1 (16.5) |
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|
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DBP, mmHg | 75.9 (11.8) | 75.3 (11.6) | 79 (12.7) |
|
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|
|
Fat mass, % | 49.8 (3.9) | 50.6 (3.2) | 46 (4.7) | <.001 | |||||
|
|
Fat mass, kg | 58.2 (11.9) | 6.9 (10.8) | 64.4 (15) | <.001 | |||||
|
|
Fat free mass, kg | 59 (11.4) | 55.5 (7.5) | 75.9 (12) | <.001 | |||||
| Laboratory values, mean (SD) | ||||||||||
|
|
FPG, mg/dl | 107.9 (34.5) | 109.4 (36.5) | 99.6 (18.8) | <.001 | |||||
|
|
HbA1C, % | 5.6 (1) | 5.6 (1.1 | 5.6 (0.7) | .037 | |||||
|
|
TG, mg/dl | 152.7 (76) | 150.3 (70.9) | 164.8 (97.7) |
|
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|
|
Cholesterol, mg/dl | 192.4 (38) | 193.5 (37.4) | 186.6 (41.4) | .033 | |||||
|
|
HDL, mg/dl | 49.6 (10.9) | 50.2 (10.8) | 46.3 (10.5) | .001 | |||||
|
|
LDL, mg/dl | 112.5 (32.2) | 113 (31.7) | 109.6 (35.0) |
|
|||||
|
|
Hemoglobin, g/dl | 13.5 (1.5) | 13.2 (1.2) | 15.2 (1.4) | <.001 | |||||
|
|
Hematocrit, % | 41.0 (3.9) | 40.2 (3.2) | 45.7 (3.5) | <.001 | |||||
|
|
AST, U/l | 23.4 (15.5) | 21.8 (12.8) | 29.2 (18.6) | .007 | |||||
|
|
ALT, U/l | 28.7 (21.3) | 26.1 (15.5) | 41.3 (31.3) | <.001 | |||||
|
|
Alkaline phosphatase, IU/l | 191.8 (57.7) | 191.4 (56.5) | 194 (63.8) |
|
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aFor continuous variables, t test was used. For categorical variables, Pearson chi-square test was used.
bSBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; FPG: fasting plasma glucose; HbA1C: hemoglobin A1C; TG: triglyceride; HDL: high-density lipoprotein, LDL: low-density lipoprotein; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: alanine aminotransferase