Table 5.

Unstandardized and standardized coefficients for the direct, indirect and total effects for the theoretical path model.

Causal variable	BMI		Logged HOMA-IR
	Unstd. (SE)	Std.	Unstd. (SE)	Std.
Sleep duration
Direct effect	0.000 (0.004)	0.005	0.000 (0.000)	0.000
Indirect effect			0.000 (0.000)	0.002
Total effect			0.000 (0.000)	0.002
Night awakenings
Direct effect	0.911* (0.267)	0.249	−0.025 (0.023)	−0.064
Indirect effect			0.044* (0.012)	0.114
Total effect			0.020 (0.027)	0.050
Nap duration
Direct effect	0.016 (0.009)	0.105	0.001 (0.001)	0.040
Indirect effect			0.001 (0.000)	0.048
Total effect			0.001 (0.000)	0.088
BMI
Direct effect			0.049* (0.007)	0.458

Adjusted for age, gender, number of diabetes mellitus medications, physical activity level, and self-reported sleep problems.

BMI, body mass index; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment – insulin resistance; SE, standard error; Std., standardized coefficient; Unstd., unstandardized coefficient.

^*p < 0.05.