Table 1.
Characteristics of study participants by PNPLA3 rs738409 and TM6SF2 rs58542926
| PNPLA3 rs738409 | TM6SF2 rs58542926 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CC | CG | GG | CC | CT | TT | |
| N (%) | 2238 (59.6 %) | 1347 (35.8 %) | 173 (4.6 %) | 3471 (80.6 %) | 580 (13.5 %) | 28 (0.7 %) |
| Annual number of outpatient visitsa | 7.5 (2.5) | 7.5 (3.5) | 7.5 (2.6) | 4.9 (2.2) | 7.3 (2.6) | 7.9 (2.5)* |
| Hospitalization during the last year, % | 14.1 | 14.2 | 19.7* | 7.4 | 13.7 | 14.6 |
| Annual number of inpatient days among subjects with hospitalization during the last year, daysa | 9.7 (2.6) | 9.7 (2.3) | 10.6 (2.5)* | 6.9 (1.2) | 9.6 (2.5) | 11.1 (2.5)** |
| Age, years | 49.91 (16.28) | 49.40 (16.58) | 50.00 (15.83) | 49.3 (16.2) | 48.7 (16.5) | 47.4 (16.1) |
| Female, % | 50.7 | 50.6 | 56.7* | 50.1 | 54.7 | 74.1 |
| School education (<10 years), % | 39.1 | 37.7 | 39.1 | 38.4 | 40.3 | 33.3* |
| Equivalent household income, €a | 852 (1.7) | 833 (1.8) | 879 (1.7) | 852 (1.7) | 807 (1.8) | 929 (1.6) |
| Alcohol intake, g/da | 7.3 (3.5) | 7.5 (3.4) | 5.9 (2.5)** | 7.5 (3.5) | 6.9 (3.5) | 5.1 (3.9) |
| Regular smoking, % | 29.7 | 32.3 | 28.3 | 30.4 | 31.3 | 25.9 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 27.3 (4.8) | 27.1 (4.8) | 26.9 (4.8) | 27.3 (4.5) | 27.3 (4.8) | 26.2 (4.3) |
| Obesity, % | 26.8 | 24.1 | 22.0 | 25.3 | 28.1 | 14.8 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 90.0 (14.0) | 88.4 (13.8)** | 87.3 (13.3)** | 89.2 (13.9) | 89.2 (14.2) | 84.4 (13.1) |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 135.6 (20.7) | 135.6 (20.7) | 136.2 (20.8) | 132.4 (18.5) | 136.0 (21.2) | 134.6 (20.8) |
| Hypertension, % | 51.9 | 52.8 | 52.6 | 37.0 | 52.9 | 49.1 |
| Ferritin, μg/la | 68.4 (2.7) | 68.6 (2.6) | 61.56 (2.58) | 68.2 (2.6) | 68.5 (2.7) | 66.6 (3.0) |
| Hepatic steatosis, % | 27.4 | 31.9** | 39.9** | 28.4 | 36.3** | 44.4* |
| Increased ALT (>75th percentile), % | 17.9 | 22.7** | 28.3** | 19.4 | 24.2* | 29.6 |
| GFR, ml.min.1.73 m2 | 79.5 (15.1) | 80.0 (15.1) | 79.8 (15.1) | 79.5 (15.1) | 80.9 (14.8) | 78.8 (11.1) |
| High-density lipoprotein cholesterol, | 1.45 (0.45) | 1.46 (0.43) | 1.49 (0.43) | 1.45 (0.44) | 1.48 (0.43) | 1.50 (0.39) |
| Low-density cholesterol, mmol/l | 3.59 (1.18) | 3.54 (1.13) | 3.54 (1.25) | 3.59 (1.25) | 3.50 (1.10)* | 2.75 (1.27)** |
| Total cholesterol, | 5.80 (1.28) | 5.72 (1.19) | 5.76 (1.32) | 5.79 (1.25) | 5.69 (1.22)** | 4.82 (1.43)** |
| Dyslipidemia (TC/HDL-C ratio ≥ 5), % | 27.8 | 25.8 | 24.3 | 27.6 | 24.0 | 14.8 |
| triglycerides | 1.91 (1.57) | 1.80 (1.36) | 1.78 (1.31) | 1.89 (1.46) | 1.74 (1.62)** | 1.34 (1.53)** |
| Serum glucose | 5.70 (1.87) | 5.62 (1.67) | 5.53 (1.76) | 5.66 (1.81) | 5.70 (1.81) | 5.45 (1.00) |
| HbA1c, % | 5.45 (0.97) | 5.42 (0.88) | 5.34 (0.84) | 5.44 (0.92) | 5.42 (0.99) | 5.38 (0.49) |
| Diabetes, % | 8.0 | 7.6 | 6.9 | 7.7 | 8.6 | 7.4 |
| Upper gastrointestinal disease (ulcer, hernia, reflux), % | 1.6 | 2.1 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 2.1 | 3.7 |
| Myocardial infarction, % | 3.4 | 3.3 | 3.5 | 3.3 | 3.4 | 3.9 |
| Angina pectoris, % | 5.0 | 3.4* | 1.7* | 3.9 | 5.8* | 7.4 |
| Congestive heart failure, % | 12.51 | 10.62 | 14.45 | 22.2 | 12.0 | 11.1 |
| Arthritis | 7.2 | 7.3 | 11.6* | 7.4 | 7.7 | 11.1 |
| Osteoporosis | 4.7 | 4.3 | 4.1 | 4.5 | 4.9 | 0 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, % | 6.1 | 5.0 | 4.6 | 5.6 | 5.4 | 14.8 |
| Multiple sclerosis or Parkinson’s disease, % | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0 |
| Stroke or TIA, % | 2.3 | 1.6 | 1.7 | 2.1 | 1.7 | 0 |
| Peripheral vascular disease, % | 1.4 | 1.0 | 0.6 | 1.4 | 0 | 0 |
| Degenerative disc disease, % | 37.2 | 35.0 | 38.2 | 36.6 | 35.4 | 40.7 |
| Anxiety, % | 23.5 | 22.9 | 22.0 | 23.2 | 23.0 | 33.3 |
| Depression, % | 12.4 | 12.8 | 17.9* | 12.6 | 13.9 | 14.8 |
| Functional Comorbidity Indexa | 1.6 (1.7) | 1.6 (1.6) | 1.7 (1.7) | 1.6 (1.6) | 1.6 (1.6) | 1.7 (1.6) |
Entries are mean (SD) or % unless indicated differently
GFR glomerular filtration rate, TC total cholesterol; HDL High-density lipoprotein cholesterol
aGeometric mean (geometric SD)
*p < .05
**p < .01 for comparisons with CC-allele from t-test (continuous variables) or Fisher’s exact test (categorical variables)