Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of participants in the Synbiotics Easing Renal Failure by Improving Gut Microbiology Study who were randomized by treatment order (n=37)
| Characteristic | All Patients Randomized (n=37) | Treatment Order 1 (n=17)a | Treatment Order 2 (n=20) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, yr | 69±10 | 68±10 | 69±10 |
| Range | 43–82 | 43–82 | 50–82 |
| Men | 21 (57) | 7 (41) | 14 (70) |
| White | 35 (95) | 16 (94) | 19 (95) |
| Cause of kidney disease | |||
| GN | 5 (14) | 2 (12) | 3 (15) |
| Hypertension/vascular | 7 (19) | 3 (18) | 4 (20) |
| Diabetic nephropathy | 14 (38) | 9 (53) | 5 (25) |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 29±6 | 30±8 | 28±4 |
| Comorbidities (treated) | |||
| Hypertension | 37 (100) | 17 (100) | 20 (100) |
| Hyperlipidemia | 29 (78) | 13 (76) | 16 (80) |
| No. of antihypertensive medications | 2.3±1.1 | 2.5±1.4 | 2.0±0.7 |
| Angiotensin–converting enzyme inhibitor | 8 (22) | 3 (18) | 5 (25) |
| Angiotensin receptor II blocker | 22 (59) | 12 (71) | 10 (50) |
| Diuretics | 13 (35) | 6(35) | 7 (35) |
| Smoking history | 20 (54) | 8 (47) | 12 (60) |
| EPI GFR, ml/min per 1.73 m2 | 24±8 | 24±9 | 25±7 |
| Proteinuria, mg/24 h | 318 (165–1600) | 523 (160–1700) | 263 (168–1100) |
| Albuminuria, mg/24 h | 107 (20–1100) | 275 (18–1200) | 97 (20–677) |
| Uremic toxins (μmol/L) | |||
| Total indoxyl sulfate | 18 (12–27) | 20 (16–27) | 15 (10–25) |
| Total p-cresyl sulfate | 110 (71–130) | 128 (88–174) | 100 (61–119) |
| Free indoxyl sulfate | 0.7 (0.4–1.0) | 0.8 (0.5–1.1) | 0.6 (0.3–0.9) |
| Free p-cresyl sulfate | 3.0 (2.0–3.9) | 3.3 (2.0–5.2) | 2.5 (1.7–3.3) |
| Indoxyl sulfate-to-p-cresyl sulfate ratio | 0.23±0.17 | 0.19±0.11 | 0.27±0.22 |
| Percentage free fraction | |||
| Indoxyl sulfate | 4.1±1.5 | 4.4±1.8 | 3.8±1.0 |
| P-cresyl sulfate | 2.9±1.0 | 3.1±1.2 | 2.7±0.8 |
Data are presented as means±SDs, medians (interquartile ranges), or numbers (%). BMI, body mass index; EPI, epidemiology collaboration.
a
The imbalance in numbers arose because of the spoiling of two randomized kits, which were replaced by the next available kits.