Table 1. Characteristics of included studies of poultry consumption and PCa risk.
| Author, year, location, design | Cases/ controls, n | Study period | Age at baseline (y) | Exposure comparison | Relative risk (95% CI)a | Statistical adjustment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mills et al. (1989), USA, Cohort | 180/35,000 | 1976–1982, 6y | Range: ≥25 | Poultry; 3rd tertile vs. 1 (≥1 vs. 0 times/w) | 1.34 (0.82–2.19) | Age |
| Hsing et al. (1990), USA, Cohort | 149/17,633 | 1966–1986, 20y | Median: 51; Range: ≥35 | Chicken ; 4th quartile vs. 1 (>4 vs. ≤0.5 times/m) | H: 0.90 (0.40–1.80) | Age, smoking |
| Le Marchand et al. (1994), USA, Cohort | 198/8,881 | 1975/1980–1989, 6y | Range: ≥45 | Poultry; 4th quartile vs. 1 (>139 vs. ≤45 g/w) | 1.10 (0.70–1.70) | Age, ethnicity, income |
| Lee et al. (1998), China, PCC | 133/265 | 1989–1992 | Range: 50–89 | Poultry; 3rd tertile vs. 1 (NA) | 1.12 (0.41–3.52) | Crude estimate calculated by original data |
| Deneo-Pellegrini et al. (1999), Uruguay, HCC | 175/233 | 1994–1997 | Range: 40–89 | Poultry; 4th quartile vs. 1 (≥53 vs. ≤12 servings/y) | 1.30 (0.70–2.40) | Age, residence, urban/rural status, education, family history, BMI , total energy intake |
| Jain et al. (1999), Canada, PCC | 617/636 | 1989–1993 | Mean: case 69.8, control 69.9 | Chicken; 4th quartile vs. 1 (>44.6 vs. <9.9 g/d) | 1.02 (0.77–1.34) | Age, total energy, vasectomy, ever-smoked, marital status, study area, BMI, education, ever-used multivitamin supplements in previous 1y, grains, fruit, vegetables, total plants, total carotenoids, folic acid, dietary fiber, conjugated linoleic acid, vitamin E, vitamin C, retinol, total fat, linoleic acid |
| Sung et al. (1999), Taiwan, HCC | 90/180 | 1995–1996 | Range: ≥50 | Chicken; yes vs. no (≥1 vs. 0 times/w) | 1.73 (0.90–3.31) | Matched by age, treatment hospital, date of admission |
| Allen et al. (2004), Japan, Cohort | 196/18,115 | 1963/1965/1979–1996, 16.9y | Mean 51; range: 18–99 | Chicken; 3rd tertile vs. 1 (>4 vs. <2 times/w) | 0.77 (0.19–3.10) | Age, calendar period, city of residence, radiation dose, education |
| Bosetti et al. (2004), Italy, HCC | 1,294/1,451 | 1991–2002 | Median: case 66, control 63; range: 46–74 | Poultry; 5th quintile vs. 1 (median 3 vs. 0.5 servings/w) | 1.26 (0.98–1.61) | Age, study center, education, social class, BMI, family history, total calorie intake |
| McCann et al. (2005), USA, PCC | 433/538 | 1986–1991 | NA | Poultry; 4th quartile vs. 1 (>34 vs. ≤13 g/d) | 0.97 (0.67–1.39) | Age, education, BMI, smoking status |
| Rovito et al. (2005), USA, HCC | 152/161 | 1998–2001 | Mean (s.d.): case 63.07 ± 10.9, control 66.57 ± 9.0; range: 31–88 | Poultry; 3rd tertile vs. 1 (>38 vs. <15 g/d) | 0.62 (0.34–1.11) | Race, family history; matched by age |
| Rodriguez et al. (2006), USA, Cohort (Whites) | 5,028/64,897 | 1992–2001, 9y | Range: 50–74 | Poultry; 4th quartile vs. 1 (≥279 vs. <91 g/w) | 1.00 (0.90–1.10) H: 0.70 (0.40–1.10) | Age, total calorie intake, BMI, level of education, family history, history of PSA testing, history of diabetes |
| (Blacks) | 85/693 | 0.70 (0.40–1.30) | ||||
| Iso & Kubota (2007), Japan, Cohort | 169/46,465 | 1990–2003, 12y | Range: ≥40 | Chicken; 3rd tertile vs. 1 (≥3 vs. <1 times/w) | H: 1.33 (0.81–2.21) | Age |
| Park et al. (2007), USA, Cohort | 4,404/82,483 | 1993–2002, 8y | Range: ≥45 | Poultry; 5th quintile vs. 1 (median 39.9 vs. 5.9 g/1000 kcal/d) | 1.01 (0.92–1.12) H: 1.06 (0.88–1.28) | Age, time on study, ethnicity, family history, education, BMI, smoking status, energy intake |
| Rohrmann et al. (2007), USA, Cohort | 199/3,892 | 1989–2004, 15y | Mean: 53.8; range: ≥35 | Poultry; 3rd tertile vs. 1 (≥5 vs. ≤1 times/w) | 1.14 (0.77–1.70) H: 0.60 (0.24–1.49) | Age, energy intake, saturated fat intake, tomato products intake, BMI at age 21 |
| Allen et al. (2008), 8 European countries, Cohort | 2,727/142,251 | 1989–2007, 8.7y | Median: 52; 5th–95th percentile: 33–67 | Poultry; 5th quintile vs. 1 (median 32 vs. 9 g/d) | 1.12 (0.98–1.27) | Age, center, education, marital status, height, weight, energy intake |
| Amin et al. (2008), Canada, HCC | 386/268 | 2003–2006 | Mean (s.d.): 64.5 ± 8.3 | Chicken; 4th quartile vs. 1 (4 vs. 1 servings/w) | 1.26 (0.58–2.75) H: 1.04 (0.59–1.84) | Age, ethnicity, education, family history, smoking, alcohol consumption, sexually transmitted infections, cystitis, prostatitis |
| Hu et al. (2008), Canada, PCC | 1,799/5,039 | 1994–1997 | Range: 20–76 | Poultry; 3rd tertile vs. 1 (NA) | 0.50 (0.30–0.90) | Age group, province, education, BMI, alcohol use, smoking, vegetable and fruit intake, energy intake |
| Koutros et al. (2008), USA, Cohort | 668/23,080 | 1993/1997–2003, 8.5y | Range: 40–64 | Chicken; 5th quintile vs. 1 (median 42.0 vs. 2.8 g/d) | 1.04 (0.78–1.39) H: 1.65 (0.90–3.04) | Age, state of residence, race, family history, smoking status |
| Li et al. (2008), China, HCC | 28/280 | 1998–2000 | Mean (s.d.): case 71.39 ± 6.03, control 71.14 ± 5.78 | Poultry; 3rd tertile vs. 1 (≥3 vs. <1 times/w) | 1.50 (0.48–4.68) | Education, BMI, smoking, alcohol consumption, food frequency (tomatoes, green vegetables, soybean products, beef, pork and milk); matched by age, place of employment |
| Richman et al. (2011), USA, Cohort | 199/27,607 | 1994–2008, 14y | Range: 40–75 | Poultry; 4th quartile vs. 1 (≥3.5 vs. <1.5 servings/w) | H: 1.15 (0.74–1.78) | Age, energy, BMI, smoking, vigorous activity, lycopene intake, eggs; the following factors were considered and omitted for unsubstantial influence: race, family history, history of diabetes, frequency of PSA screening, use of cholesterol lowering drugs, intakes of (dairy, fish, tomato sauce, fresh tomato products, cruciferous vegetables, calcium, and coffee) |
| Punnen et al. (2011), USA, HCC | 470/512 | 2001–2004 | Case 65.8 ± 8.3, control 65.9 ± 8.5 | Poultry; 4th quartile vs. 1 (median 2 vs. 0.25 servings/w) | 0.70 (0.49–1.02) H: 0.70 (0.49–1.02) | Age, race, institution, energy intake |
| Deneo-Pellegrini et al. (2012), Uruguay, HCC | 326/652 | 1996–2004 | Range: 40–89 | Poultry; 3rd tertile vs. 1 (NA) | 0.92 (0.64–1.32) | Age, residence, urban/rural status, education, BMI, family history, total energy intake, other types of meat |
| Joshi et al. (2012), USA, PCC | 1,854/1,094 | 1997–1997, 1999–2003 | Range: 40–79 | Poultry; 5th quintile vs. 1 (≥35.7 vs. <7.9 g/1000 kcal/d) | 0.80 (0.63–1.01) H: 0.90 (0.60–1.20) | Crude estimate calculated by original data |
| Mahmood et al. (2012), Pakistan, HCC | 195/390 | 2011 | Case 69.77 ± 4.9; control 68.09 ± 5.5 | Chicken; 5th quintile vs. 1 (>3 vs. 0 times/w) | 0.54 (0.08–3.33) | Ethnicity, socioeconomic status, smoking status, family history, height, physical activity |
| Stott-Miller, Neuhouser & Stanford (2013), USA, PCC | 1,549/1,492 | 1993–1996, 2002–2005 | Range: 35–74 | Poultry; 3rd tertile vs. 1 (≥4 vs. <1 times/m) | 1.30 (1.04–1.62) H: 1.30 (0.97–1.75) | Age, race, family history, BMI, PSA/DRE tests in previous 5y, education |
Notes.
Abbreviations are as follows:
- PCC
- population-based case-control study
- HCC
- hospital-based case-control study
- H
- high stage PCa
- BMI
- body mass index
- PSA
- prostate-specific antigen
- DER
- digital rectal examination
- s.d.
- standard deviation
- y
- years
- m
- month
- w
- week
- d
- day
- NA
- not available
a
Risk ratio, hazard ratio or odds ratio.