ASCs demonstrate increased survival over BM-MSCs and osteoblasts following transplantation into calvarial defects. Flow cytometry analyses of RFP expression among all viable cells isolated from 4-mm parietal defects at (A) 72 h and (B) 2 weeks postsurgery that received ASCs, BM-MSCs, or osteoblasts on PLGA scaffolds at the time of defect surgery. *p < 0.01, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.01. (C) Flow cytometry analysis of GFP expression among all viable RFP+ cells isolated from 4-mm parietal defects at 72 h postsurgery that received ASCs, BM-MSCs, or osteoblasts on PLGA scaffolds at the time of defect surgery. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.01. (D) Flow cytometry analysis of GFP expression among all viable RFP+ cells isolated from 4-mm parietal defects at 2 weeks postsurgery that received ASCs, BM-MSCs, or osteoblasts on PLGA scaffolds at the time of defect surgery. *p < 0.01 and **p < 0.05.