Figure 3.

ATA/RAM1 is required for induction of AM marker genes. Gene expression was analyzed by quantitative real-time RT-PCR 1 week after inoculation with Rhizophagus irregularis from nurse plants. Two independent experiments are shown in combination: first, the wild type (blue) versus ata/ram1-1 (red); and second, the wild type (green) versus ram1-2 (purple) and ram1-3 (orange). Columns represent the average of three independent biological replicates ± sd. Gene expression values are expressed relative to the constitutively expressed reference gene glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). BCP, Blue copper protein; Sbt, subtilase. Significant differences (Student’s t test) between the mutant and the respective wild type are indicated with asterisks (*, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01; and ***, P < 0.001).