Table 3. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses of multiple variables for recurrence- and progression-free survival.
| Variables | Recurrence-free survival | Progression-free survival | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR | 95% CI | p | HR | 95% CI | p | |
| Univariate analysis | ||||||
| Age (as continuous variable) | 1.023 | 0.998–1.049 | 0.069 | 1.045 | 1.001–1.091 | 0.043 |
| Gender (male vs female) | 0.966 | 0.465–2.005 | 0.925 | 1.687 | 0.639–4.449 | 0.291 |
| Tumor size (<3 cm vs ≥3 cm) | 2.080 | 1.155–3.744 | 0.015 | 1.859 | 0.741–4.664 | 0.186 |
| Multifocality (single vs multiple) | 2.106 | 1.146–3.870 | 0.016 | 1.272 | 0.458–3.536 | 0.645 |
| Concomitant carcinoma in situ (no vs yes) | 1.242 | 0.598–2.584 | 0.561 | 4.842 | 1.903–12.320 | 0.001 |
| Morphology (papillary vs non-papillary) | 0.883 | 0.346–2.255 | 0.795 | 2.592 | 0.824–8.155 | 0.103 |
| Lymphovascular invasion (no vs yes) | 1.447 | 0.717–2.919 | 0.302 | 1.837 | 0.658–5.125 | 0.246 |
| Intravesical therapy (no vs yes) | 0.684 | 0.378–1.238 | 0.210 | 0.375 | 0.135–1.043 | 0.060 |
| T stage (Ta vs T1) | 3.154 | 1.557–6.389 | 0.001 | 2.431 | 0.868–6.810 | 0.091 |
| Grade (low vs high) | 2.276 | 1.254–4.128 | 0.007 | 2.505 | 0.981–6.395 | 0.055 |
| Caldesmon expression* (negative vs positive) | 3.499 | 1.557–7.865 | 0.002 | 5.255 | 1.207–22.878 | 0.027 |
| Multivariate analysis | ||||||
| Age (as continuous variable) | 1.016 | 0.989–1.045 | 0.246 | 1.022 | 0.973–1.074 | 0.380 |
| Tumor size (<3 cm vs ≥3 cm) | 1.475 | 0.755–2.883 | 0.255 | 1.558 | 0.540–4.494 | 0.412 |
| Multifocality (single vs multiple) | 4.148 | 1.889–9.109 | <0.001 | 2.755 | 0.702–10.816 | 0.146 |
| Concomitant carcinoma in situ (no vs yes) | 0.498 | 0.214–1.158 | 0.105 | 4.688 | 1.290–17.042 | 0.019 |
| Intravesical therapy (no vs yes) | 0.221 | 0.096–0.506 | <0.001 | 0.175 | 0.040–0.768 | 0.021 |
| T stage (Ta vs T1) | 2.141 | 0.816–5.618 | 0.122 | 0.694 | 0.167–2.876 | 0.615 |
| Grade (low vs high) | 2.536 | 1.214–5.296 | 0.013 | 1.208 | 0.312–4.673 | 0.785 |
| Caldesmon expression* (negative vs positive) | 1.656 | 0.591–4.644 | 0.337 | 5.983 | 1.165–30.736 | 0.032 |
*
The immunohistochemical score was based on both staining area and intensity, and caldesmon expression was negative in 43 patients (32.6%), mild in 35 patients (26.5%), moderate in 37 patients (28.0%), and strong in 17 patients (12.9%). Its expression was dichotomized (negative vs. positive) because such grouping showed the most significant survival difference in the Kaplan–Meier analysis.