Table 1.

Microglial density/number in schizophrenia from post‐mortem studies

Study	Sample	Marker	Brain region	Density/no.	Cytokine levels	Age mean (SCZ/HC) (years)	Illness duration mean ± SD (range) (years)
Kurumaji et al. (1997)	13 patients 10 controls	PK11195	Putamen; VA1, superior parietal cortex	↓ activation	N/A	77/63	N/A
Arnold et al. (1998)	23 patients 10 controls	CD‐68	TC; FC; OC	≈	N/A	80/75	55 ± 9
Bayer et al. (1999)	14 patients 13 controls	HLA‐DR	FC; HPC	4/14 SCZ positive for HLA‐DR	N/A	64/58	(7–43)
Radewicz et al. (2000)	12 patients 11 controls	HLA‐DR	DLPFC; STG	↑	N/A	80/70	N/A
Wierzba‐Bobrowicz et al. (2005)	9 patients 6 controls	HLA‐DR	FC; TC	↑	N/A	56/56	24 (N/A SD) (10–35)
Steiner et al. (2006)	16 patients 16 controls	HLA‐DR	DLPFC; HPC; ACC; MDT	≈	N/A	55/58	23 ± 10 (3–39)
Steiner et al. (2008)	16 patients 10 controls	HLA‐DR	DLPFC; HPC ACC; MDT	≈	N/A	53/54	21 ± 12 (1–41)
Busse et al. (2012)	17 patients 11 controls	HLA‐DR	HPC	≈ except between paranoid versus residual SCZ (↑ in paranoid)	N/A	52/56	19 ± 10 (2–34)
Kreisl et al. (2013)	45 patients 47 controls	[3H]PBR28	DLPFC	↑ BP in SCZ (after controlling for binding affinity)	N/A	55/42	N/A
Fillman et al. (2013)	37 patients 37 controls	HLA‐DR	DLPFC	↑ density in WM ≈ in GM	↑ IL‐6 and IL‐8 ≈ in Cox2 or IL‐1	51/51	28 ± 14
Rao et al. (2013)	10 patients 10 controls	CD11b and HLA‐DR	FC	↑ Cd11b mRNA and protein	↑ IL‐1b, TNF‐α, NF‐κB (but not IL‐1r) gene and protein expression	50/59	N/A
Hercher et al. (2014)	20 patients 20 controls	Iba‐1	DLPFC	≈ in WM	N/A	45/45	24 ± 10.9

^≈ No between‐group difference.

^↑ Increased in schizophrenia.

^↓ Decreased in schizophrenia.

VA1, visual area 1; CD‐68, cluster of differentiation 68; TC, temporal cortex; OC, occipital cortex; ACC, anterior cingulate cortex; MDT, mediodorsal thalamus; HPC, hippocampus; SCZ, schizophrenia.