Table 1.

Methodological approaches for Early-life Social Adversity (ELSA) in nonhuman primates.

Methodology	Approach1	Description	Classification of Cited Studies
Suboptimal rearing (SOR)	Exp	Departure from species-typical rearing pattern throughout early development (e.g., social partners present during rearing; inducing changes in maternal care with enhanced foraging demands)	1, 4, 6, 10, 19, 20, 26, 28, 29, 31, 32, 33, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45
Short-term separation from caregivers (STS)	Exp	Intermittent and variable length of separation from caregivers during early development	2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 12, 15, 16, 21, 22, 23, 24, 38
Normative variation in early caregiving (NV)	Corr	Natural variation in early caregiving; ranges from extreme variation (e.g., infant abuse) to subtle variation (e.g., rates of infant rejection)	9, 11, 13, 14, 17, 18, 27, 34, 35, 36, 39,40

¹Exp = Experimental; Corr = Correlational