Table 3.
Factors Associated With White‐Coat Effect for Systolic Blood Pressure Among Jackson Heart Study Participants With Clinic Systolic Blood Pressure ≥140 mm Hg or Clinic Diastolic Blood Pressure ≥90 mm Hg
| All Participants (N=257) | Participants Without CKD or Diabetes (n=130) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted | Model 1 | Model 2 | Unadjusted | Model 1 | Model 2 | |
| Age, y | ||||||
| <60 | 0 (reference) | 0 (reference) | 0 (reference) | 0 (reference) | 0 (reference) | 0 (reference) |
| ≥60 | 3.8 (2.1) | 3.8 (2.1) | 1.3 (2.2) | 6.5 (3.1)c | 6.5 (3.1)c | 5.9 (2.8)c |
| Women | 0.4 (2.2) | 0.2 (2.2) | 0.7 (2.1) | −3.5 (3.3) | −3.3 (3.3) | −0.04 (2.9) |
| Current smoker | −4.9 (3.2) | −4.3 (3.2) | −6.0 (3.2) | 3.1 (5.3) | 3.8 (5.2) | −3.6 (4.6) |
| Total physical activity score, exercise unitsb | ||||||
| Tertile 1 (3.29–7.13) | 0 (reference) | 0 (reference) | 0 (reference) | 0 (reference) | 0 (reference) | 0 (reference) |
| Tertile 2 (7.14–9.57) | 0.6 (2.5) | 1.5 (2.6) | 1.0 (2.4) | 4.5 (3.9) | 5.8 (3.9) | 4.3 (3.3) |
| Tertile 3 (9.59–15.64) | −3.0 (2.7) | −2.4 (2.7) | −0.8 (2.5) | −5.0 (4.0) | −4.1 (4.0) | −3.3 (3.4) |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | ||||||
| <25 | 0 (reference) | 0 (reference) | 0 (reference) | 0 (reference) | 0 (reference) | 0 (reference) |
| 25–29 | −1.7 (3.1) | −2.8 (3.2) | −0.2 (3.1) | −1.7 (4.5) | −3.8 (4.5) | −4.4 (4.0) |
| ≥30 | −0.03 (3.0) | −0.4 (3.0) | 2.7 (3.0) | −0.6 (4.4) | −0.8 (4.3) | −0.5 (3.9) |
| Diabetes | −1.4 (2.4) | −1.9 (2.4) | −3.9 (2.3) | — | — | — |
| eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 | 6.1 (3.9) | 5.2 (3.9) | 3.1 (4.0) | — | — | — |
| Clinic SBP, mm Hg | ||||||
| <150 | 0 (reference) | 0 (reference) | 0 (reference) | 0 (reference) | 0 (reference) | 0 (reference) |
| ≥150 | 14.4 (1.9)d | 14.5 (2.0)d | 13.6 (2.2)d | 22.3 (2.9)d | 21.9 (2.9)d | 20.0 (3.0)d |
| Taking antihypertensive medication | 1.3 (2.2) | 0.4 (2.3) | −2.1 (2.3) | −3.1 (3.2) | −4.3 (3.2) | −5.0 (2.8) |
Abbreviations: eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; SBP, systolic blood pressure. Model 1 includes adjustment for age and sex. Model 2 includes all variables listed in the left column. Values are expressed as mean (standard error) from a linear regression model. aOverall (left panel) and after further restriction to participants without chronic kidney disease (CKD) or diabetes (right panel). bPhysical activity score ranges from 1 to 20, with a higher score indicating higher physical activity. c P<.05. d P<.001.