Fig. 1.

Example of static characteristics of the total reflex arc from carotid sinus pressure (CSP) to arterial pressure (AP) obtained in Sprague–Dawley rats. a Quantification using a four-parameter logistic function. b Gain curve obtained from the first derivative of the fitted logistic function. c Quantification using an integral of a bell-shaped gain curve function. d Bell-shaped gain curve function corresponding to panel c. P ₁ response range, P ₂ slope coefficient, P ₃ midpoint input pressure, P ₄ minimum response. G _max maximum gain, σ standard deviation, μ midpoint input pressure, y ₀ minimum response. In panels a and c, data points represent mean ± SE values (n = 12)