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. 2015 Dec 23;291(6):3019–3029. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M115.686949

FIGURE 8.

FIGURE 8.

The mechanism mediating ceramide inhibitory action on insulin signaling in myotubes. Palmitate-generated ceramide alters insulin signaling through two different ways in a time frame-dependent manner in myotubes. First, ceramide inhibits Akt via PP2A or atypical PKCs (aPKCs), and, later, ceramide acts negatively on IRS1 through activation of the PKR/JNK pathway.