Table 2.
Sociodemographic and anthropometric factors associated with low vitamin B12 concentration and impaired vitamin B12 status among pregnant Indian women.
| Parameter | Low vitamin B12 concentration1 (Plasma vitamin B12 < 150 picomol/L) |
Impaired vitamin B12 status 2 (Plasma vitamin B12 < 150 picomol/L and MMA > 0.26 μmol/L) |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| % low plasma B12 |
Univariate PR 95% CI |
P value |
Adjusted PR 3 95% CI |
P value |
% impaired B12 status |
Univariate PR 95% CI |
P value |
Adjusted PR 4 95% CI |
P value |
|
| Sociodemographic and anthropometric characteristics | ||||||||||
| Maternal age (years) | 0.732 | 0.791 | ||||||||
| Lowest third (≤ 20.90) (n = 122) | 48.3 | 1.02 (0.77, 1.36) |
0.889 | 43.0 | 1.16 (0.82, 1.64) |
0.400 | ||||
| Middle third (21.0-23.40) (n = 125) | 53.7 | 1.03 (0.80, 1.33) |
0.819 | 44.7 | 1.13 (0.82, 1.55) |
0.449 | ||||
| Highest third (< 23.40) (n = 119) | 50.9 | 1.00 | 40.2 | 1.00 | 0.791 | |||||
| Gestational age in weeks | 0.053 | 0.144 | 0.415 | |||||||
| Lowest third (≤ 9.60) (n = 123) | 41.7 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 38.9 | 1.21 (0.90, 1.63) |
0.203 | ||||
| Middle third (9.70-12.60) (n = 130) | 55.6 | 1.33 (1.02, 1.74) |
0.036 | 1.37 (0.94,1.99) |
0.101 | 47.2 | 1.13 (0.60, 2.15) |
0.703 | ||
| Highest third (>12.60) (n = 113) | 55.5 | 1.77 (1.02, 3.05) |
0.042 | 1.35 (0.92,1.99) |
0.126 | 41.4 | 1.00 | |||
| Maternal weight (kg) | 0.003 | 0.024 | 0.064 | 0.082 | ||||||
| Lowest third (≤ 43.30) (n = 123) | 38.5 | 0.59 (0.46, 0.78) |
0.001 | 0.57 (0.39,0.84) |
0.004 | 34.5 | 0.70 (0.51, 0.95) |
0.022 | 0.73 (0.54, 0.99) |
0.043 |
| Middle third (43.40-51.0) (n = 121) | 49.6 | 0.59 (0.37, 0.93) |
0.022 | 0.79 (0.55,1.12) |
0.186 | 43.6 | 0.77 (0.99, 1.34) |
0.362 | 0.97 (0.74, 1.26) |
0.814 |
| Highest third (>51.0) (n = 121) | 64.7 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 49.6 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Parity | ||||||||||
| Primiparous (n=227) | 54.6 | 1.23 (0.98, 1.55) |
0.076 | 1.24 (0.89,1.73) |
0.335 | 48.9 | 1.55 (1.16, 2.08) |
0.003 | 1.41 (1.05, 1.90) |
0.023 |
| Multiparous (n=124) | 44.4 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 31.5 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Income (INR) | 0.330 | 0.655 | 0.165 | 0.208 | ||||||
| Lowest third (n=152) | 48.0 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 38.0 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Middle third (n=93) | 49.5 | 1.03 (0.94, 1.50) |
0.827 | 0.96 (0.66,1.40) |
0.830 | 42.6 | 1.12 (0.82, 1.53) |
0.476 | 1.07 (0.79, 1.46) |
0.639 |
| Highest third (n=105) | 57.1 | 1.19 (0.95, 1.69) |
0.146 | 1.17 (0.82,1.66) |
0.390 | 50.0 | 1.32 (0.99, 1.74) |
0.055 | 1.28 (0.97, 1.68) |
0.082 |
| Education | 0.411 | 0.267 | ||||||||
| Illiterate/Primary (n=90) | 50.0 | 0.86 (0.64,1,17) |
0.335 | 40.0 | 0.81 (0.56,1,17) |
0.271 | ||||
| High School (n=170) | 50.0 | 1.02 (0.80,1.31) |
0.849 | 50.0 | 1.05 (0.79,1.40) |
0.739 | ||||
| > High School (n=87) | 50.0 | 1.00 | 40.0 | 1.00 | ||||||