Table 3.
Nutritional factors associated with low vitamin B12 concentration and impaired vitamin B12 status among pregnant Indian women.
| Parameter | Low vitamin B12 concentration5 (Plasma vitamin B12 < 150 picomol/L) |
Impaired vitamin B12 status 6 (Plasma vitamin B12 < 150 picomol/L and MMA > 0.26 μmol/L) |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| % low plasma B12 |
Univariate PR 95% CI |
P value |
Adjusted PR 3 95% CI |
P value |
% impaired B12 status |
Univariate PR 95% CI |
P value |
Adjusted PR 4 95% CI |
P value |
|
| Intake of foods | ||||||||||
| Poultry and meat (g/day) | 0.182 | 0.419 | 0.422 | |||||||
| = 0.0g/day (n = 74) | 60.6 | 1.28 (0.99, 1.65) |
0.063 | 1.28 (0.84,1.96) |
0.258 | 49.3 | 1.16 (0.85, 1.58) |
0.34 | ||
| 0.1 – 17.30 g/day (n = 146) | 49.6 | 1.05 (0.82, 1.33) |
0.717 | 1.04 (0.73,1.46) |
0.865 | 39.7 | 0.94 (0.71, 1.24) |
0.64 | ||
| >17.30 g/day (n = 146) | 47.5 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 42.4 | 1.00 | |||||
| Eggs (g/day) | 0.616 | 0.899 | ||||||||
| = 0.0g/day (n = 112) | 53.8 | 1.13 (0.88, 1.46) |
0.347 | 43.8 | 1.07 (0.79, 1.45) |
0.667 | ||||
| 0.1 – 10.17 g/day (n = 125) | 52.1 | 1.09 (0.85, 1.41) |
0.479 | 43.2 | 1.05 (0.78, 1.42) |
0.726 | ||||
| >10.17 g/day (n = 125) | 47.5 | 1.00 | 41.0 | 1.00 | ||||||
| Organ meat consumption | ||||||||||
| No (n = 330) | 52.2 | 1.35 (0.86, 2.13) |
0.150 | 1.36 (0.73,1.46) |
0.330 | 43.6 | 1.35 (0.80, 2.29) |
0.259 | ||
| Yes (n = 32) | 38.7 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 32.3 | 1.00 | |||||
| Fish consumption | ||||||||||
| No (n = 234) | 54.2 | 1.20 (0.96, 1.51) |
0.104 | 1.19 (0.85,1.67) |
0.314 | 45.7 | 1.24 (0.94, 1.63) |
0.111 | 1.32 (1.01, 1.71) |
0.041 |
| Yes (n = 128) | 45.1 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 36.9 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Milk (ml/day) | 0.284 | 0.313 | ||||||||
| = 0.0 ml/day (n = 175) | 55.4 | 1.21 (0.86, 1.72) |
0.269 | 45.8 | 1.37 (0.88, 2.14) |
0.162 | ||||
| 0.1 – 120.0 ml/day (n = 144) | 47.5 | 1.04 (0.73, 1.49) |
0.831 | 42.0 | 1.26 (0.79, 1.99) |
0.321 | ||||
| > 120.0 ml/day (n = 47) | 45.7 | 1.00 | 33.3 | 1.00 | ||||||
| Yoghurt (ml/day) | 0.031 | 0.263 | 0.021 | 0.035 | ||||||
| = 0.0 ml/day (n = 171) | 51.8 | 1.45 (0.99, 2.12) |
0.056 | 1.58 (0.96,2.61) |
0.071 | 43.9 | 1.64 (1.03, 2.61) |
0.038 | 1.63 (1.03, 2.58) |
0.038 |
| 0.1 – 27.8 ml/day (n = 135) | 56.5 | 1.58 (1.08, 2.32) |
0.019 | 1.60 (0.97,2.64) |
0.066 | 48.1 | 1.79 (1.23, 2.87) |
0.015 | 1.70 (1.07, 2.72) |
0.025 |
| > 27.8 ml/day (n = 60) | 35.7 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 26.8 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Other dairy products | ||||||||||
| No (n = 69) | 51.5 | 1.01 (0.78, 1.31) |
0.926 | 47.0 | 1.13 (0.84, 1.51) |
0.423 | ||||
| Yes (n = 297) | 50.9 | 1.00 | 41.7 | 1.00 | ||||||
PR, Prevalence ratio, All values are PR and 95% CI
P- Values (two-sided) have been reported for the adjusted PR.
Multivariable Poisson regression of low vitamin B12 concentration, maternal age, maternal weight, gestational age at recruitment, education, income, parity,
Multivariable log-binomial regression of impaired vitamin B12 status, maternal age, maternal weight, gestational age at recruitment, education, income, parity.
Adjusted PR from a Poisson regression model adjusted for the effects of the other variables in the model.
Adjusted PR from a log-binomial regression model adjusted for the effects of the other variables in the model.
Multivariable Poisson regression of low vitamin B12 concentration, intake of poultry and meat, eggs, organ meat, fish, milk, yoghurt and other dairy products.
Multivariable log-binomial regression of impaired vitamin B12 status, intake of poultry and meat, eggs, organ meat, fish, milk, yoghurt and other dairy products.