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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Feb 5.
Published in final edited form as: Speech Commun. 2015;76:93–111. doi: 10.1016/j.specom.2015.11.001

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Vocal tract area function of an /ɑ/-like vowel for a 2–3 year-old talker. A kinematic model vocal fold vibration coupled to the aerodynamics and acoustics of the vocal tract generates the glottal flow, ug(t). The excitation signal is propagated through the vocal tract with a wave-reflection algorithm and terminates into a radiation impedance to generate the output sound pressure, pout(t). The frequency response H(f) is calculated with an impulse response technique separately from the simulation of the vowel and yields values for the vocal tract resonances fRn independent from measurements of the formants Fn based on the spectral filtering algorithm.