Table 5.
Cardio-renal-metabolic parameters according to quintile categories in each dietary pattern
| Variable | Seaweeds, vegetables, soy products and mushrooms | Fish and meat | Noodle and soup | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quintile 1 | Quintile 5 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Quintile 1 | Quintile 5 | Model 1 | Mode l 2 | Quintile 1 | Quintile 5 | Model 1 | Model 2 | |
| AST (U/L) | 22 [19, 29] | 22 [17, 26] | −2.07* | −1.71 | 21 [18, 27] | 23 [19, 28] | 1.14 | 0.98 | 21 [17, 25] | 23 [18, 29] | 3.25** | 2.60* |
| ALT (U/L) | 24 [17, 41] | 22 [16, 33] | −1.52 | −0.80 | 23 [16, 34] | 25 [17, 34] | 0.94 | 0.69 | 19 [15, 30] | 26 [18, 39] | 4.17*** | 3.29* |
| γ-GTP (U/L) | 28 [18,48] | 22 [15, 36] | −2.46* | −1.95 | 25 [18, 44] | 25 [18, 38] | 0.13 | −0.01 | 22 [16, 30] | 30 [21, 50] | 3.62*** | 2.75** |
| Uric Acid (mg/dl) | 5.5 ± 1.2 | 5.4 ± 1.2 | 0.12 | 0.51 | 5.6 ± 1.2 | 5.4 ± 1.2 | 0.75 | 0.63 | 5.2 ± 1.2 | 5.8 ± 1.2 | 0.85 | 0.27 |
| eGFR (ml/min/ 1.73 m2) | 81 ± 18 | 77 ± 16 | - | 0.17 | 77 ± 18 | 78 ± 17 | - | 0.08 | 78 ± 19 | 79 ± 17 | - | −0.39 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dl) | 190 ± 27 | 186 ± 29 | −1.64 | −1.70 | 184 ± 30 | 187 ± 27 | 0.16 | 0.09 | 188 ± 30 | 185 ± 27 | 0.39 | 0.22 |
| HDL-C (mg/dl) | 59 ± 14 | 62 ± 14 | 1.08 | 0.60 | 58 ± 13 | 59 ± 14 | −0.03 | −0.07 | 62 ± 15 | 57 ± 13 | −1.39 | −0.59 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dl) | 101 [71,163] | 96 [64, 144] | −1.74 | −1.06 | 94 [66, 144] | 112 [67, 152] | 0.88 | 0.78 | 89 [64, 135] | 116 [78, 164] | 2.82** | 1.73 |
| Fasting blood glucose (mg/dl) | 137 ± 34 | 131 ± 27 | 0.01 | 0.49 | 133 ± 32 | 138 ± 35 | 1.01 | 0.81 | 132 ± 31 | 137 ± 30 | 0.72 | 0.43 |
| HbA1c | 7.1 ± 1.1 | 6.9 ± 1.1 | −0.48 | −0.04 | 6.9 ± 0.9 | 7.1 ± 1.1 | 1.02 | 0.95 | 6.9 ± 1.0 | 7.0 ± 1.0 | 1.66 | 1.21 |
| Systolic BP(mmHg) | 128 ± 13 | 127 ± 15 | 0.12 | 0.83 | 127 ± 14 | 126 ± 15 | 0.09 | −0.10 | 126 ± 15 | 128 ± 13 | 1.83 | 0.92 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 79 ± 10 | 75 ± 10 | −1.00 | −0.53 | 78 ± 13 | 76 ± 11 | −0.19 | −0.33 | 75 ± 14 | 78 ± 10 | 0.99 | 0.27 |
| UAE (mg/g creatinine) | 10 [6, 21] | 10 [5, 17] | −2.12* | −1.74 | 10 [6, 24] | 10 [7, 23] | −0.80 | −0.88 | 11 [6, 30] | 9 [6, 19] | −0.39 | −1.18 |
| baPWV (cm/s) | 1528 ± 294 | 1556 ± 262 | −1.62 | −1.53 | 1536 ± 258 | 1535 ± 248 | 0.79 | 0.72 | 1549 ± 288 | 1536 ± 262 | −0.91 | −0.94 |
Data are mean ± SD, median [range: 25 % to 75 %] or number of subjects (percentage) before adjustment. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001
Model 1: Trend estimation for linear trends across quintiles is based on linear regression analysis for continuous variables or logistic regression analysis for categorical variables adjusted for age and gender. Model 2: Trend estimation for linear trends across quintiles is based on linear regression analysis for continuous variables or logistic regression analysis for categorical variables adjusted for age, gender, BMI, morningness-eveningness questionnaire, Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index, Beck Depression inventory, current smoking, and physical activity. Standardized regression coefficients are shown. ALT alanine aminotransferase, AST aspartate aminotransferase, baPWV brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity, BP blood pressure, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, HDL-C high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, UAE urinary albumin excretion, γ-GTP γ-glutamyl transpeptidase