Table 1.
Intergroup comparison of clinical characteristics and echocardiographic parameters
| Characteristic | Sinus rhythm | New-onset AF | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 292) | (n = 57) | ||
| Age (years) | 61.2 ± 15.7 | 67.7 ± 12.8 | *0.003 |
| Male, n (%) | 203 (69.5) | 35 (61.4) | 0.229 |
| Body surface area (m2) | 1.71 ± 0.23 | 1.68 ± 0.19 | 0.320 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 122.4 ± 23.3 | 115.4 ± 25.2 | 0.094 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 74.1 ± 16.0 | 68.1 ± 14.7 | *0.032 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 94 (32.2) | 28 (49.1) | *0.014 |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 52 (17.8) | 19 (33.3) | *0.008 |
| Current smoker, n (%) | 57 (19.5) | 12 (21.1) | 0.791 |
| Ischemic CMP, n (%) | 164 (56.2) | 32 (56.1) | 0.997 |
| Chronic kidney disease, n (%) | 29 (12.0) | 10 (18.5) | 0.264 |
| BUN (mg/dL) | 21.7 ± 14.9 | 24.4 ± 21.5 | 0.259 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.4 ± 1.5 | 2.0 ± 2.3 | 0.095 |
| BNP (pg/ml) | Median: 216.0 (81.8–749) | Median: 566.0(180.5-1302.5) | *0.011 |
| Medications | |||
| Antiplatelet agent, n (%) | 218 (74.7) | 46 (80.7) | 0.400 |
| RAS blockade, n (%) | 243 (83.2) | 49 (86.0) | 0.608 |
| Diuretics, n (%) | 131 (44.9) | 42 (73.7) | * < 0.001 |
| Beta blockade, n (%) | 191 (65.4) | 31 (54.4) | 0.114 |
| Calcium channel blockade, n (%) | 88 (30.1) | 21 (36.8) | 0.318 |
| Statin, n (%) | 152 (52.1) | 26 (45.6) | 0.374 |
| Echocardiographic parameters | |||
| Ejection fraction (%) | 36.9 ± 9.4 | 35.3 ± 10.3 | 0.249 |
| LVEDD (mm) | 52.4 ± 7.1 | 52.4 ± 7.9 | 0.964 |
| LVESD (mm) | 42.0 ± 8.1 | 42.3 ± 8.7 | 0.814 |
| LA-AP (mm) | 37.8 ± 7.4 | 40.3 ± 7.5 | *0.023 |
| LA-ML (mm) | 43.9 ± 7.5 | 47.8 ± 8.7 | *0.001 |
| LA-SI (mm) | 52.8 ± 8.7 | 57.5 ± 9.7 | * < 0.001 |
| LA volume index (mm3/m2) | 28.4 ± 12.7 | 36.1 ± 14.8 | * < 0.001 |
| LV mass index (g/m2) | 73.8 ± 27.6 | 74.8 ± 18.9 | 0.738 |
| E velocity (m/s) | 0.65 ± 0.23 | 0.79 ± 0.30 | * < 0.001 |
| A velocity (m/s) | 0.72 ± 0.22 | 0.71 ± 0.25 | 0.706 |
| E/A | 1.02 ± 0.63 | 1.22 ± 0.75 | *0.036 |
| E/DT (cm/s) | 0.39 ± 0.27 | 0.55 ± 0.37 | *0.003 |
| e’ (m/s) | 0.05 ± 0.02 | 0.04 ± 0.02 | 0.278 |
| a’ (m/s) | 0.08 ± 0.02 | 0.07 ± 0.03 | *0.001 |
| S’ (m/s) | 0.05 ± 0.02 | 0.05 ± 0.02 | 0.223 |
| E/e’ | 15.2 ± 6.8 | 19.1 ± 7.2 | * < 0.001 |
| Ed (1/ml) | 0.36 ± 0.22 | 0.47 ± 0.27 | *0.009 |
| Ees (m/s) | 1.02 ± 0.24 | 1.11 ± 0.37 | 0.195 |
| Ea (mmHg/ml) | 2.67 ± 0.96 | 2.75 ± 1.43 | 0.717 |
| VVI | 25.5 ± 9.1 | 32.1 ± 16.8 | 0.115 |
Abbreviations: AF atrial fibrillation, CMP cardiomyopathy, BUN blood urea nitrogen, RAS renin-angiotensin system, LVEDD left ventricular end-diastolic dimension; LVESD, left ventricular end-systolic dimension; LA left atrial; AP anteroposterior; ML mediolateral; SI Superoinferior; DT Deceleration time; Ed left ventricular (LV) end-diastolic elastance; Ees, LV end-systolic elastance; Ea, effective arterial elastance; VVI, ventricular-vascular coupling index
* p < 0.05