Table 1.

The neglected tropical diseases.

Disease	Primary causative agents	Primary vector(s)	DALYs × 1000 (95% UI)
Buruli ulcer	Mycobacterium ulcerans	Aquatic arthropods	ND
Dracunculiasis	Dracunculus medinensis	Cyclops water fleas	ND
Human African trypanosomiasis	Trypanosoma brucei	Tsetse flies	560 (76–1766)
Leishmaniasis	Leishmania spp.	Phlebotomine sand flies	3317 (2180–4890)
Leprosy	Mycobacterium leprae, Mycobacterium lepromatosis	–	6 (3–11)
Lymphatic filariasis	Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, Loa loa	Mosquitoes	2774 (1807–4000)
Schistosomiasis	Shistosoma spp.	Freshwater snails	3309 (1705–6260)
Soil-transmitted helminthiasis	Ancylostoma duodenale, Necator americanus, Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura	Fecal-oral transmission	ND
Trachoma	Chlamydia trachomatis	Fomites, houseflies, others	5 (4–6)
Yaws	Treponema pallidum pertenue	Direct contact	ND
Chagas disease	Trypanosoma cruzi	Triatomine bugs	546 (271–1054)
Chikungunya	Chikungunya virus	Aedes mosquitoes	ND
Dengue and severe dengue	Dengue virus	Aedes mosquitoes	825 (344–1412)
Echinococcosis	Echinococcus granulosus	Fecal-oral transmission	144 (69–286)
Foodborne trematodiases	Clonorchis sinensis, Opisthorchis spp., Fasciola spp., Paragonimus spp.	Oral transmission	1875 (708–4837)
Onchocerciasis	Onchocerca volvulus	Black flies	494 (360–656)
Taeniasis/cysticercosis	Taenia solium	Oral transmission	503 (379–663) (cysticercosis only)

Affecting more than two billion people, the neglected tropical diseases shown here lack effective vaccines.

Computational vaccinology tools represent an accelerated, cost-sparing approach to vaccine design for these challenging targets. DALYs reflect global sum of years of life lost and years lived with disability as of 2010, presented with 95% UI.

DALYs: Disability-adjusted life year; ND: No data; UI: Uncertainty interval.

Data taken from [96].