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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Jul 1.
Published in final edited form as: Tob Control. 2015 Apr 8;24(0 3):iii76–iii82. doi: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2014-052091

Table 3.

Conditional Cigarette Consumption Price Elasticities Among Smokers by Income Groups

High Income subgroup Medium Income subgroup Low Income subgroup
Ln(price) −0.150***
(−0.206; −0.094)		 −0.142***
(−0.199; −0.086)		 −0.111
(−0.223; 0.0002)
Female −0.490***
(−0.636; −0.344)		 −0.446***
(−0.586; −0.307)		 −0.380***
(−0.576; −0.184)
Male (reference category)
Aged 18–24 −0.463**
(−0.747; −0.179)		 −0.435***
(−0.677; −0.193)		 −0.485**
(−0.817; −0.154)
Aged 25–39 −0.137**
(−0.234; −0.040)		 −0.080
(−0.182; 0.022)		 −0.124
(−0.279; 0.031)
Aged 40–54 −0.0258
(−0.108; 0.056)		 0.093*
(0.016; 0.170)		 0.045
(−0.068; 0.157)
Aged 55 + (reference category)
Divorce/widowed dummy 0.097
(−0.043; 0.236)		 0.022
(−0.084; 0.128)		 −0.033
(−0.177; 0.110)
Single dummy -0.114
(−0.244; 0.016)		 0.034
(−0.135; 0.203)		 0.046
(−0.097; 0.189)
Married dummy (reference category)
Less than HS dummy 0.136*
(0.017; 0.254)		 0.166*
(0.035; 0.298)		 0.029
(−0.221; 0.279)
High school dummy 0.119***
(0.051; 0.186)		 0.132**
(0.037; 0.227)		 0.040
(−0.175; 0.255)
College dummy (reference category)
Unemployed dummy 0.098
(−0.046; 0.242)		 0.033
(−0.040; 0.106)		 0.085
(−0.006; 0.176)
Retired dummy −0.204***
(−0.291; −0.117)		 −0.103*
(−0.183; −0.024)		 −0.096
(−0.226; 0.033)
Employed dummy (reference category)
Constant 2.918***
(2.756; 3.081)		 2.653***
(2.494; 2.813)		 2.652***
(2.237; 3.066)
Observations 4,941 5,893 2,042

95% CI in parentheses; Interview wave and city dummies are not shown in the table;

*

p<0.10

**

p<0.05

***

p<0.01