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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Jul 1.
Published in final edited form as: Tob Control. 2015 Apr 8;24(0 3):iii76–iii82. doi: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2014-052091

Table 4.

Conditional Cigarette Consumption Price Elasticities Among Smokers by Education Groups

High Education Subgroup Medium Education Subgroup (High School) Low Education Subgroup (Less than High School)
Ln(Price) −0.113**
(−0.182; −0.045)		 −0.107***
(−0.155; −0.059)		 −0.143*
(−0.257; −0.030)
Female −0.375**
(−0.617; −0.133)		 −0.550***
(−0.676; −0.424)		 −0.352***
(−0.515; −0.189)
Male (reference category)
Aged 18–24 −0.414**
(−0.669; −0.160)		 −0.444***
(−0.683; −0.205)		 −0.243*
(−0.468; −0.017)
Aged 25–39 −0.178**
(−0.310; −0.046)		 −0.058
(−0.134; 0.017)		 −0.005
(−0.245; 0.236)
Aged 40–54 0.0171
(−0.104; 0.138)		 0.058
(−0.003; 0.118)		 0.003
(−0.144; 0.149)
Aged 55 + (reference category)
Divorce/widowed dummy 0.139
(−0.050; 0.329)		 0.016
(−0.067; 0.099)		 −0.007
(−0.161; 0.147)
Single dummy −0.142*
(−0.274; −0.011)		 −0.024
(−0.131; 0.084)		 −0.177
(−0.648; 0.294)
Married dummy (reference category)
Low Income dummy −0.132
(−0.374; 0.110)		 −0.065
(−0.142; 0.013)		 −0.110
(−0.242; 0.021)
Medium income dummy −0.136*
(−0.252; −0.021)		 −0.039
(−0.097; 0.019)		 −0.071
(−0.186; 0.045)
Missing income dummy −0.041
(−0.209; 0.127)		 −0.062
(−0.143; 0.020)		 −0.026
(−0.182; 0.129)
High income dummy (reference category)
Unemployed dummy 0.173*
(0.026; 0.320)		 0.045
(−0.011; 0.101)		 0.050
(−0.091; 0.191)
Retired dummy −0.130
(−0.278; 0.019)		 −0.114***
(−0.181; −0.047)		 −0.137*
(−0.251; −0.023)
Employed dummy
Constant 2.736***
(2.530; 2.941)		 2.823***
(2.719; 2.927)		 2.932***
(2.686; 3.178)
Observations  3,070  9,060  1,618

95% CI in parentheses; Interview wave and city dummies are not shown in the table;

*

p<0.10