Fig. 2.

Ethiopian inbred strains show greatly elevated frequencies of visible wing vein abnormalities. These defects including (A–C) truncated longitudinal veins, cross-veins (C) missing or (D) incomplete, (E and F) extraneous vein material, and (G) ectopic cross-vein. (H) The relationship between larger wings and inbred wing vein abnormalities suggested by the comparison of Ethiopia (EF) with southern African ancestral range populations (ZI and SD, the latter indicating South Africa–Dullstroom) is also supported by a temperate European population (France–Lyon; FR), which shows moderately large wings and somewhat elevated wing abnormalities. Horizontal bars indicate 1 SD for wing width among a population’s outbred crosses. Vertical bars indicate the binomial 95% CI around the proportion of inbred strains displaying abnormalities. Detailed results are given in Dataset S2.