Fig. 4.
Schematic representation of (A) a nonhunted, faunally intact forest and an (B) overhunted, half-empty forest in lowland Amazonia, showing the degree to which large arboreal and terrestrial forest frugivores are either extirpated or severely decline in abundance; and (C) abundance-based lottery transition models considering 129,720 canopy trees contained within 2,345 (1-ha) plots in which undispersed species at time t0 are replaced by any other dispersed species (green tree) at time t1 with a probability that is proportional to their cooccurring abundances at t0 within each plot. A total of 1,000 simulation runs for both random and nonrandom replacements (from t0 to t1) were performed for each plot, with a total number of 48,237 stem substitutions per run.