Fig 8. Deviations of standard socioeconomic statistics within the three clusters of Spanish cities at the level of LUZ, and FUA.

Unemployment, Disposal Annual Income of Households, and Gross Domestic Product were available for both city levels. Total Expenditure of Households, from the Household Budget Survey, was available only for the Autonomous Communities and reassigned to the corresponding LUZ. The data comes for the Urban Audit survey of Eurostat [42] and the Spanish National Statistics Institute [45]. Socioeconomic parameters were quantified as log residuals from their respective scaling trends with city size. Colors correspond to the three clusters of cities obtained based on the spending behavior of city residents, as presented in Fig 7.