Table 2. Comorbidity and BMI according to region.
| Region | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States and Canada | Australia and New Zealand | Europe | Other | P-Value | |||||
| N | % (95%CI) | N | % (95%CI) | N | % (95%CI) | N | % (95%CI) | ||
| Underweight | 37 | 4.2 (3.0–5.6) | 33 | 4.1 (2.8–5.6) | 29 | 4.7 (3.2–6.5) | 1 | 1.5 (0.0–4.6) | |
| Normal weight | 385 | 43.9~ (40.5–47.1) | 461 | 57.3* (53.9–60.6) | 384 | 62.1* (58.1–66.0) | 37 | 55.2 (43.5–67.2) | |
| Overweight | 213 | 24.3 (21.5–27.0) | 183 | 22.8 (19.8–25.4) | 128 | 20.7 (17.5–24.1) | 15 | 22.4 (12.7–32.8) | < .001 |
| Obesity | 242 | 27.6* (24.7–30.7) | 127 | 15.8~ (13.4–18.5) | 77 | 12.5~ (9.9–15.0) | 14 | 20.9 (11.4–31.7) | |
| Back pain | 346 | 39.0* (35.8–42.2) | 289 | 35.4 (32.2–38.6) | 200 | 31.9~ (28.1–35.5) | 34 | 50.0* (38.2–62.7) | .003 |
| Depression | 354 | 39.9* (36.6–43.1) | 221 | 27.1~ (24.1–30.2) | 158 | 25.2~ (21.7–28.5) | 27 | 39.7 (29.0–52.2) | < .001 |
| Anxiety | 309 | 34.8* (31.5–38.0) | 216 | 26.4~ (23.5–29.6) | 148 | 23.6~ (20.0–27.1) | 26 | 38.2 (27.5–50.0) | < .001 |
| Arthritis | 160 | 18.0* (15.4–20.5) | 107 | 13.1 (10.8–15.5) | 49 | 7.8~ (5.7–10.0) | 12 | 17.6 (8.8–27.1) | < .001 |
| High blood pressure | 148 | 16.7* (14.3–19.2) | 78 | 9.5 (7.5–11.7) | 34 | 5.4~ (3.6–7.3) | 9 | 13.2 (5.8–22.4) | < .001 |
| Anaemia or other blood disease | 57 | 6.4 (5.0–8.0) | 53 | 6.5 (4.8–8.2) | 38 | 6.1 (4.3–8.0) | 6 | 8.8 (2.9–16.2) | .851 |
| Ulcer or stomach disease | 51 | 5.7* (4.2–7.4) | 24 | 2.9~ (1.9–4.1) | 25 | 4.0 (2.7–5.5) | 8 | 11.8* (4.4–20.6) | .001 |
| Diabetes | 36 | 4.1* (2.8–5.4) | 19 | 2.3 (1.4–3.4) | 5 | 0.8~ (0.2–1.6) | 3 | 4.4 (0.0–10.3) | .001 |
| Lung disease | 28 | 3.2 (2.1–4.4) | 18 | 2.2 (1.2–3.3) | 13 | 2.1 (1.1–3.2) | 2 | 2.9 (0.0–7.4) | .507 |
| Heart Disease | 31 | 3.5* (2.3–4.8) | 12 | 1.5~ (0.7–2.3) | 7 | 1.1~ (0.3–2.1) | 4 | 5.9* (1.4–11.9) | < .001 |
| Cancer | 23 | 2.6 (1.6–3.6) | 14 | 1.7 (0.9–2.6) | 12 | 1.9 (0.8–3.2) | 1 | 1.5 (0.0–4.6) | .596 |
| Kidney disease | 12 | 1.4 (0.7–2.1) | 5 | 0.6 (0.1–1.2) | 3 | 0.5 (0.0–1.1) | 1 | 1.5 (0.0–4.5) | .221 |
| Liver disease # | 6 | 0.7 (0.2–1.2) | 4 | 0.5 (0.1–1.0) | 3 | 0.5 (0.0–1.1) | 2 | 2.9 (0.0–7.5) | .095 |
* Significantly overrepresented
~ significantly underrepresented
# Chi-square not reliable due to low expected N in >20% of the cells. N = 2366 for BMI and N = 2399 for all comorbidities