Orbital fibroblasts were pre-treated with EGCG, NVN, and NAC for 1 hour, followed by treatment with IL-1β (10 ng/mL) for 30 minutes. (A) The intracellular levels of ROS using H2DCF-DA were measured by fluorometry Similar results were obtained in three independent experiments with orbital fibroblasts of passages (P)7 and P9 from TAO patient #53. (B) Orbital fibroblasts were pre-treated with NVN and NAC for 1 hour, followed by treatment with IL-1β (10 ng/mL) for 24 hours. IL-8 levels were determined by ELISA (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN). Similar results were obtained in three independent experiments with orbital fibroblasts of P8 and P9 from TAO patient #53. *p < 0.05 compared with cells treated with the same concentration of IL-1β as calculated by one-way ANOVA. P, number of passages.