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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Mar 1.
Published in final edited form as: Diabetologia. 2015 Dec 15;59(3):481–491. doi: 10.1007/s00125-015-3835-x

Table 1.

Characteristics of Pima Indians from the Gila River Indian community

Analysis Full-heritage Pima Indians Non-full-heritage Pima
Indiansb
Lipid analysis (n=5,494)a
 n (% IFGc) 2,717 (10.4) 2,777 (10.8)
 Age, yearsd 41.4±15.2 30.7±12.9
 Age range, years 15.0–90.4 15.0–87.9
 TC, mmol/l 4.58±1.01 4.57±0.98
 HDL-C, mmol/l 1.12±0.36 1.20±0.35
 LDL-C, mmol/l 2.63±0.79 2.69±0.82
 TG, mmol/l 1.64±1.28 1.54±1.24
Type 2 diabetes analysis
(N=7,710)e with/without diabetes
 n (% age <15 years) 1,684 (0.77) / 1,941 (9.8) 865 (2.5) / 3,220 (19.5)
 Female sex, % 63 / 52 59 / 53
 Age, yearsd 49.1±14.0 / 32.1±14.6 41.2 ± 14.1 / 24.9 ± 11.9
 Age range, years 10.6–90.4 / 5.6–85.3 9.4–85.4 / 5.3–87.9
Type 2 diabetes analysis set
restricted to individuals with HDL-
C data (n=5,494) with/without
diabetes
  n 1,325 / 1,392 653 / 2,124
 Female sex, % 64.7 / 53.5 60.5 / 56.5
 Age, yearsd 48.7±13.6 / 34.5±13.2 41.1±13.2 / 27.6±11.03
 Age range, years 15.5–90.4 / 15.0–81.7 15.2–85.3 / 15.0–87.9
HOMA analysis (n=5,429)f
 n (% IFGc) 2,542 (35) 2,887 (22.9)
 Age, yearsd 39±14.5 30.4±12.3
 Age range, years 15.0–85.3 6.5–87.9
 HOMA-IR, SD unitsg −0.09±0.8 −0.30±0.9
 HOMA-B, SD unitsg 0.34±0.7 0.25±0.7

Data are presented as means ± SD unless stated otherwise

a

Data used from last examination before the year 2005

b

Heritage is, on average, 4/8 Pima and an additional 2/8 American Indian of different tribes

c

IFG is based on the 2005 ADA criteria

d

Age reported is the age at last examination for the trait reported

e

These individuals constituted 4,625 sibships of which 68% are singletons

f

Data from the last visit when the participant was non-diabetic. Data from individuals who were diabetic during the first visit were not included

g

Three different assays for serum insulin were used over the course of the longitudinal study; to account for differing sensitivities among these assays, the natural logarithms of the HOMA values for all examinations were standardised within assay prior to analysis, and results reported in SD units

IFG, impaired fasting glucose