Figure 3.

Simulation of a glucose-stimulated β-cell using the modified DOM. Modifying the effects of Ca²⁺ provides agreement with experimental data. Parameter values for this and the following figures, unless otherwise specified, are listed in Table S1 in the Supporting Material. (A) PKAR and Perceval have a peak at the beginning of the active phase and a nadir near the end of the active phase. (B) Metabolic fluxes and time derivatives; $d\left[\text{FBP}\right]/dt$ has the same sign as $J_{\text{PFK}}-J_{\text{PDH}}/2$ and $d\left[\text{ATP}\right]/dt$ has the same sign as $J_{\text{ANT}}-J_{\text{hyd}}.$ (C) Model schematic of metabolic fluxes. In contrast to Fig. 2, Ca²⁺-activation of PDH is incorporated and Ca²⁺ inhibition of mitochondrial ATP production is neglected.