Table 3.
Distribution of the health barriers cross-tabulated with two population sub-groups defined by intersecting aspects of socioeconomic status (n=11,663)
| Health barrier | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sub-group defined by intersecting aspects of socioeconomic status | Low maternal education (incomplete secondary education)a (%) | Lack of access to basic infrastructure and amenitiesb (%) | Had either barrier (%) | Had both barriers (%) |
| Rural, ethnicity minority and poorest | 38.2* | 99.6* | 99.6* | 38.2* |
| Urban, Kinh and richest | 2.0 | 4.4 | 6.3 | 0.1 |
| Total | 12.4 | 51.0 | 53.8 | 9.6 |
| Gap in absolute percentage points | 36.2 | 94.8 | 93.3 | 38.1 |
*
Statistical significance: p<0.05, chi-squared test.
a
Low maternal education: if a woman aged 15–49 years had not completed secondary education
b
lack of access to basic infrastructure and amenities: if a woman aged 15–49 years is living in a household which has no access to at least one of the four basic amenities – (a) safe energy, (b) safe water, (c) sanitation, or (d) safe energy for cooking.