Immune System & Infections |
Antibacterial (39, 40) |
Antifungal (39, 40) |
Anti-inflammation and analgesic (39) |
Increases IgG levels, decreases IgM levels, decreases the percentage of basophils and increases the percentage of monocytes (142) |
Antisalmonella activity, potent inhibitory effect against Staphylococcus strain and Escherichia coli (108, 109) |
Skin |
To refresh facial skin (13, 39, 40) |
Healing wounds (40) |
To treat purpura, eczema and erysipelas (40) |
Shining and depigmentation properties due to its antioxidant effects (142) |
Anti-itching and antipruritic effects (142) |
Vision |
To cure eye infection and corneal disease (39) |
Useful in day blindness (40) |
To treat lacrimation (40) |
Reduces glutamate concentration and retinal damage due to reduction of ocular diseases such as cataracts with antioxidant properties (114, 118) |
Regulates programmed cell death that protects photoreceptor cells from retinal stress (120) |
Reproductive System |
Aphrodisiac (39, 40) |
To treat impotence (39, 40) |
To treat uterine pain (40) |
Improves sperm normal morphology, sperm motility, erectile function, and increases the libido (43, 46) |
Reduces uterine pain and emotional symptoms associated with PMS (56, 57) |
Urinary Tract and Kidney |
Diuretic, purifier of kidney and bladder (39) |
With honey, facilitates passage of renal stone (40) |
To cure infection of urinary tract (13) |
Antilithiatic effect and reduces urine protein and number of calcium deposits in the kidney tissue (51, 52) |
Diuretic effect (50) |
Gastrointestinal Tract |
Strengthening liver and stomach (39) |
To decrease appetite (40) |
Carminative (40) |
Decreases basal gastric secretion and inhibits COX1 and COX2 enzymes (63, 65) |
Improves digestion with lowering pH effect (63) |
Respiratory System |
Strengthening respiratory system (39, 40) |
Anti-asthma (40) |
To treat cough and sore throat (39) |
b-adrenoceptor stimulatory and muscarinic receptor inhibitory effect (58) |
Histamine H1 receptors antagonist (58) |
Cardiovascular System |
Cardiotonic (13) |
Improving circulation (40) |
Preventing coagulation (39) |
Cardioprotective against oxidative stress and hypotensive effect (142) |
Prevents lipoprotein oxidation and atherosclerosis (142) |
Central nervous System |
To cure Obstructions inside the brain (39) |
Induces better memory (39) |
Hypnotic agent (40) |
Decreases microglial activation, neuroprotective and inhibits hippocampal cell death (143) |
Activates sleep-promoting neurons (111) |
General |
To strengthen senses (39, 40) |
Anti-poisonous (39) |
Anti-diabetic (39) |
Decrease in exercise-induced protein oxidation due to its antioxidant and alveolar oxygen transport augmentation properties (142) |
Fasting blood glucose lowering effect due to its antioxidant effect (144) |