Table 2.
Characteristics of primary care and sociodemographic factors in 5 integrated public housing estates in Singapore from 2009 to 2014 (N = 1996)
| Owner-occupied blocks (higher-SES), N (%) | Rental flat blocks (low-SES), N (%) | OR (95 % CI) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (N = 1060) | (N = 936) | |||
| Site | ||||
| Middle-aged housing estate | 75.2 (797/1060) | 69.3 (649/936) | 1.00 | 0.004 |
| Mature housing estate | 24.8 (263/1060) | 30.7 (287/936) | 1.34 (1.10–1.63) | |
| Primary care characteristics | ||||
| On subsidized primary care (CHAS scheme) | ||||
| Not on CHAS scheme | 79.5 (843/1060) | 47.5 (445/936) | 1.00 | <0.001 |
| On CHAS scheme | 20.5 (217/1060) | 52.5 (491/936) | 4.29 (3.52–5.22) | |
| In proximity to primary care | ||||
| Not in proximity to primary care | 38.5 (408/1060) | 5.3 (50/936) | 1.00 | <0.001 |
| In proximity to primary care | 61.5 (652/1060) | 94.7 (886/936) | 11.01 (8.13–15.13) | |
| Regular primary care | ||||
| Not on regular primary care followup | 18.1 (192/1060) | 47.8 (447/936) | 1.00 | <0.001 |
| On regular primary care followup | 81.9 (868/1060) | 52.2 (489/936) | 0.24 (0.20–0.30) | |
| Demographic characteristics | ||||
| Age | ||||
| < 60 years | 47.3 (501/1060) | 49.5 (463/936) | 1.00 | 0.346 |
| ≥ 60 years | 52.7 (559/1060) | 50.5 (473/936) | 0.92 (0.77–1.09) | |
| Ethnicity | ||||
| Non-Chinese | 23.8 (252/1060) | 47.0 (440/936) | 1.00 | <0.001 |
| Chinese | 76.2 (808/1060) | 53.0 (496/936) | 0.35 (0.29–0.43) | |
| Marital status | ||||
| Not married | 29.8 (316/1060) | 53.0 (496/936) | 1.00 | <0.001 |
| Married | 70.2 (744/1060) | 47.0 (440/936) | 0.38 (0.31–0.45) | |
| Gender | ||||
| Female | 59.5 (631/1060) | 55.9 (523/936) | 1.00 | 0.102 |
| Male | 40.5 (429/1060) | 44.1 (413/936) | 1.16 (0.97–1.39) | |
| Socioeconomic characteristics | ||||
| Occupation | ||||
| Unemployed | 58.7 (622/1060) | 62.4 (584/936) | 1.00 | 0.099 |
| Employed | 41.3 (438/1060) | 37.6 (352/936) | 0.86 (0.72–1.03) | |
| Financial aid | ||||
| Not on financial aid | 93.0 (986/1060) | 81.6 (764/936) | 1.00 | <0.001 |
| On financial aid | 7.0 (74/1060) | 18.4 (172/936) | 3.00 (2.25–4.00) | |
| Monthly household income | ||||
| ≤ $500 | 13.2 (140/1060) | 31.9 (299/936) | 1.00 | |
| ≥ $500, <$1000 | 11.5 (122/1060) | 63.7 (596/936) | 2.29 (1.73–3.03) | <0.001 |
| ≥ $1000 | 75.3 (798/1060) | 4.4 (41/936) | 0.02 (0..02–0.04) | |
| Education | ||||
| Primary and below | 37.7 (400/1060) | 74.8 (700/936) | 1.00 | <0.001 |
| Secondary | 34.6 (367/1060) | 22.9 (214/936) | 0.33 (0.27–0.41) | |
| Tertiary | 27.6 (293/1060) | 2.4 (22/936) | 0.04 (0.03–0.07) | |
| Medical characteristics | ||||
| Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCMI) | ||||
| CCMI = 0 | 80.3 (851/1060) | 68.1 (637/936) | 1.00 | <0.001 |
| CCMI > 0 | 19.7 (209/1060) | 31.9 (299/936) | 1.91 (1.56–2.35) | |
| Chronic pain (pain ≥ 3 months) | ||||
| No chronic pain | 85.7 (908/1060) | 85.8 (803/936) | 1.00 | 0.949 |
| Chronic pain | 14.3 (152/1060) | 14.2 (133/936) | 0.99 (0.77–1.27) | |
| Hypertension | ||||
| No hypertension | 60.0 (636/1060) | 61.4 (575/936) | 1.00 | 0.521 |
| Has hypertension | 40.0 (424/1060) | 38.6 (361/936) | 0.94 (0.79–1.13) | |
| Diabetes | ||||
| No diabetes | 85.8 (909/1060) | 79.5 (744/936) | 1.00 | <0.001 |
| Has diabetes | 14.2 (151/1060) | 20.5 (192/936) | 1.55 (1.23–1.96) | |
| Hyperlipidemia | ||||
| No hyperlipidemia | 62.8 (666/1060) | 68.5 (641/936) | 1.00 | 0.008 |
| Has hyperlipidemia | 37.2 (394/1060) | 31.5 (295/936) | 0.78 (0.65–0.94) | |
| Overweight | ||||
| Not overweight | 56.4 (594/1054) | 54.7 (509/930) | 1.00 | 0.469 |
| Overweight | 43.6 (460/1054) | 45.3 (421/930) | 1.07 (0.89–1.28) |